Instructor’s Solutions Manual & Test Bank — Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 4th Edition — Heath B. Grant & Karen J. Terry — ISBN 9780134158204 — Latest Update 2025/2026 — (All Chapters Covered 1–13)

Law Enforcement in the 21st
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Century – 4th Edition

INSTRUCTOR’S
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MANUAL &
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TEST BANK
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Heath B. Grant & Karen J. Terry
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Complete Instructor’s Manual & Test Bank for

Instructors and Students
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© Heath B. Grant & Karen J. Terry
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All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.



©MEDGEEK

, CONTENTS

Preface…………………………………………………………………………………. iv
To the Instructor………………………………………………………………………. v
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Sample Syllabus.………………………………………………………………… ……..ix
Chapter 1 Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society………………………………… 1
Chapter 2 Origins and Development of Law Enforcement…………………………… 5
Chapter 3 Law Enforcement and the Law……………………………………………... 11
Chapter 4 Policing Functions and Units……………………………………………….. 16
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Chapter 5 Policing Discretion and Behavior…………………………………………... 20
Chapter 6 Patrol and Traffic…………………………………………………………… 25
Chapter 7 Search and Seizure, Arrest, and Interrogation……………………………… 30
Chapter 8 Investigation and Evidence Collection………………………………………35
Chapter 9 Policing the Police………………………………………………………….. 40
Chapter 10 Policing Multicultural Communities……………………………………… 44
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Chapter 11 Community Policing and Problem Solving………………………………...49
Chapter 12 Advances in Policing—New Technologies for Crime Analysis…………...54
Chapter 13 Standards for Police Recruitment………………………………………… 59
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Test Bank Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………… 63
Test Bank Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………… 81
Test Bank Chapter 3…………………………………………………………………… 95
Test Bank Chapter 4……………………………………………………………………108
Test Bank Chapter 5……………………………………………………………………120
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Test Bank Chapter 6……………………………………………………………………134
Test Bank Chapter 7……………………………………………………………………147
Test Bank Chapter 8……………………………………………………………………160
Test Bank Chapter 9……………………………………………………………………173
Test Bank Chapter 10……………………………………………………………………186
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Test Bank Chapter 11……………………………………………………………………200
Test Bank Chapter 12……………………………………………………………………214
Test Bank Chapter 13……………………………………………………………………228
Answer Key………………………………………………………………………………241
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, CHAPTER 1

Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society
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OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of linkage blindness. Linkage blindness is a central theme
which will be revisited throughout the text. This term refers to the lack of communication
between different agencies or even within agencies. The terrorist attacks on September 11 were
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largely a result of linkage blindness since various law enforcement agencies or divisions of
agencies had information on the known terrorist cells, but they did not share the information
with the correct recipients. Federal legislation known as the United States of America Patriot
Act of 2001 was enacted following 9/11, and subsequently reinforced with the USA Patriot
Improvement and Reauthorization Act in 2005. The Patriot Act widened the investigative
authority of law enforcement agencies across the country.
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The primary duty of the police is to maintain social control within the community. What
distinguishes the police from other individuals is their ability to use coercive force if necessary
to control a situation.
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Discretion, the freedom for an individual to make a decision based on his or her personal
judgment, is a necessary aspect of policing. Though police officers must respond to situations
within the parameter of the law, they should have the freedom to make a decision based on the
circumstances of a particular case. Also, an officer would find it impossible to respond to every
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violation of the law; therefore, discretion is a necessary component of law enforcement.

The rule of law refers to the ideal that equality and justice are inseparable, and that laws are
applied equally to everyone. The rule of law is a standard that is used to guide decision making
throughout the criminal justice system.
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All of the agencies within the criminal justice system are interlocked and must work together to
ensure justice. The three components of the criminal justice system are the police, courts, and
corrections. The police are the first agents within the criminal justice process; and once a crime
occurs, they are in charge of taking a report, investigating the crime, arresting a suspect, and
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booking the suspect. The methods by which they investigate crimes will have an impact on
whether and how the case proceeds through the criminal justice system and often whether a
conviction ensues in the case.

The crime control model emphasizes support for law enforcement over individual rights.
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Advocates of this approach emphasize extensive police powers, limited rights for suspects, and
a quick and speedy process. The due process model emphasizes individual rights with
restrictions on police power. It focuses on civil liberties and quality of arrests over quantity.

Six levels of law enforcement are present in this country: federal, state, county, municipal,
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township, and tribal. The largest level is municipal, with over 40,000 municipal jurisdictions.
As a result of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, several government
agencies have been restructured. The biggest change is the creation of the Department of


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, Homeland Security. This agency coordinates intelligence and law enforcement resources in the
war on terrorism.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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At the conclusion of the instruction for Chapter 1, the student will be able to:

 Describe the concept of linkage blindness and its importance in the criminal justice
system.
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 Understand the police role in maintaining social control.
 Explain why discretion is a necessary aspect of policing.
 Explain what is meant by the rule of law.
 Understand the role of law enforcement in the criminal justice system.
 Contrast the crime control and due process models.
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 List the different levels of law enforcement.
 Explain how the events of September 11 changed the structure of law enforcement
jurisdictions.
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LECTURE OUTLINE

1. The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force
a. Teaching Tip: As most students have had some experience with police in their
own neighborhoods, you should ask them how they might change the way in
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which law enforcement officers control society.
2. Policing within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion
3. The Delicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process
a. Teaching Tip: There are a number of pertinent questions that you can bring up
here that reflect concerns your students will be able to relate to in their own
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experience but that also illustrate the difficulty of striking the balance between
controlling and punishing crime and granting civil liberties and due process.
You might ask students whether they believe the crime rate a direct result of the
policy of due process, how they might feel about law enforcement agencies’
searching their homes and belongings, and how airport security measures impact
them. Your students may also have heard of the Patriot Act and have feelings
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regarding it. This is also a good place to explore your students sense of
punitiveness versus clemency, asking, for instance, whether plea bargains
should be allow in the case of violent crimes, whether convicts should be able to
serve their sentences at home rather than in correctional facilities, and how they
might punish offenders for violent crimes such as murder, rape, robbery,
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burglary and robbery.
4. The Levels of Law Enforcement
a. Municipal Agencies
i. Teaching Tip: Here, it is often helpful to have looked up and be able to
present some pictures and information of the local agencies in your
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institutions jurisdiction. You should be able to identify municipal,
county, and relevant state and transit agencies, as well as any federal
agency field offices in your jurisdiction and any recognized tribes.
b. County Agencies

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