A&P 2 102: Module 1 exam - 14 problem sets with questions and answers (scored 90%)

Problem Set 1: 1. The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this. The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to the muscle and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the human body 2. List the 2 parts of the central nervous system. brain and spinal cord 3. How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? the skull protects the braun and the vertebrae protects the spinal cord 4. How do the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system interact? the central nervous system can can send signals and impulses from the peripheral system. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not included in the central NS which are the cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and spinal cord. 5. What is included in the peripheral nervous system? The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not included in the central NS which are the cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and spinal cord. 6. What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? The central nervous system can send signals or impulses to and receive impulses from the peripheral nervous system. 7. Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the motor or efferent division. 8. What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system? somatic system or autonomic system 9. What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? The somatic nerves control skeletal muscle, joints, and skin. The autonomic system nerves control the glands and smooth muscle of the internal organs and generally under conscious control 10. What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system 11. What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies 12. What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? lowers activity, operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy Problem Set 2: 13. Identify the parts of the neuron shown in the diagram below. a. dendrite b. cell body c. nucleus d. axon e. myelin sheath f. shawann cell g. node of ranvier h. axon terminal 14. List 3 unusual characteristics of neurons. vary in size and shape
they do not undergo mitosis 
require enormous amounts of fuel 15. List the 3 parts of a neuron. nucleus 
dendrites
axon 16. Describe the structure and function of the neuron cell body. The neuron cell body synthesizes all nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles 17. Describe the structure and function of the dendrite. numerous short extensions that emanate from the cell body which receives information from other neurons conducting those nerve impulses toward the body cell. 18. Describe the axon, including the number in each neuron, function, structure and organelles. The single axon, on the other hand, conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals where it is emitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron. Axons can vary in length being as long as three feet. Axons are composed of cells like the cell body but lack rough endoplasmic reticulum. 19. Describe the composition and function of Schwann cells. The axon is coated in short sections called Schwann cells which are mainly composed of a white fatty layer called the myelin sheath rolled around the axon which insulates the nerve fiber from others and increases the speed of nerve impulses. Problem Set 14: 120. Why is taste classified as one of the chemical senses? Taste is one of the chemical senses because its receptors are activated by chemical substances dissolved in saliva. 121. Describe the cells that make up taste buds and their functions. Taste buds are composed of three types of epithelial cells: gustatory cells which are the chemoreceptors, supporting cells which form the bulk of the taste bud and separate the taste receptors cells from one another and the tongue epithelial cells and basal cells which serve as stem cells dividing and differentiating into supporting cells which then form new gustatory cells. 122. Explain in detail the taste process. Each taste bud sits in a taste pore from which long microvilli called gustatory hairs attached to the gustatory cells project into the saliva. Food chemicals contact the gustatory hairs which serve as the gustatory cell membranes generating an action potential in dendrites which are wrapped around the gustatory cells. The impulse is carried by afferent fibers to two cranial nerve pairs, the facial nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve which transmit the impulse to the thalamus and ultimately to the parietal lobe. 123. List the 5 primary tastes and give an example of each. sweet (sugar), salty (NaCl), sour (vinegar), bitter (aspirin) and savory (aged cheese).