Anatpomy and Physiology 2 Pre Exam: All questions and Answers (Scored A)

Pre Exam Identify the parts of the neuron shown in the diagram below g. Node of Ranvier h. axon terminal a. dendrite List the four parts of the human brain The human brain is made up of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. List and describe the 3 meninges of the human brain. The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. The inner pia mater meninx is composed of connective tissue and is tightly attached to the brain. Using the image below, identify the following six items: D: Right atrium Q: Pulmonary semilunar valve I: Right ventricle N: Left pulmonary artery T: Left ventricle M: Aorta Answer the following three questions: List the four major heart chambers. Left & right atria, left & right ventricle The QRS complex represents what? Ventricular depolarization (systole) Define Diastole. the heart is relaxing and filling with blood. List 3 functions of the female reproductive system. The female reproductive system has the following functions: eggs and estrogen production as well as serving as the site for the development of a baby after fertilization of an egg occurs. Name the three types of ligaments associated with the ovaries and the function of each. The ovaries are held in place by the suspensory, ovarian, and broad ligaments. The suspensory ligaments attach the ovaries to the pelvis wall. The ovarian ligaments attach the ovaries to the uterus. The broad ligaments hold the ovaries in place in the pelvis. Match the description with its corresponding structure. Structure: Sperm midpiece l. Supplies locomotive energy for sperm Vas deferens a. Connects seminal vesicle to ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland h. Secretes urine-clearing mucus Endoderm c. Liver producing layer of blastocyst Tell whether each of the following describes mitosis or meiosis: Can occur to cause growth in humans mitosis One division cycle mitosis Crossing-over occurs meiosis Two daughter cells are produced mitosis Produces cells which are genetically identical to the parent mitosis Each tRNA is attached to its amino acid by : a. RNA polymerase b. tRNA synthetase c. DNA polymerase d. ribozyme Does transcription or translation occur primarily in the nucleus? Transcription Which requires ribozyme, transcription or translation? Translation Amino acids are transferred from one tRNA to another during translation or transcription? Translation If a codon reads: AUC, what is the correct anticodon? UAG Describe the location of the right kidney and why it lies lower than the left kidney. The right kidney is located in the lumbar region between the T-12 and L-3 vertebra. It lies lower than the left kidney because of the liver's location just above it. What volume of blood per minute flows to the kidney and why is there such a large volume flowing to the kidney? About 1200 ml of blood per minute of blood flows into the kidney so that all of the blood can be filtered. Answer the following: You are treating a patient in the hospital who was admitted with signs of orthostatic hypotension (decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, lightheaded) secondary to having severe diarrhea and dehydration. Which of the following would you expect to be their GFR (glomerular filtration rate) given their symptoms? Explain your answer. a. 85 ml/min. b. 120 ml/min. c. 142 ml/min a. 85 ml/min. Dehydration decreases glomerular filtration rate. Explain, in detail, how the cardiovascular baroceptors work to maintain blood pressure. The cardiovascular baroceptors monitor and regulate blood volume (which is influenced directly by Na+ ion concentration) to maintain blood pressure. If blood volume (and consequently blood pressure) rises, the baroceptors signal the kidney causing a dramatic increase in the filtration rate, increasing the output of water and Na+ which reduces blood volume to quickly normalize the pressure. Describe what occurs in extreme acidosis and alkalosis. If acidosis causes the blood pH to drop below 7.0, the central nervous system is markedly depressed causing coma and imminent death. If alkalosis causes the blood pH to rise above 7.8, the nervous system is markedly excited causing extreme nervousness, muscle contraction, convulsion and death usually due to cessation of breathing. Explain, in detail, how chemical buffer pairs act to minimize pH changes. Because the weak acid anions or weak bases react with acid to bind it which prevents it from lowering the pH and the weak base cation reacts with OH- to bind it therefore preventing it from raising the pH. Explain, in detail, how the kidneys act to regulate pH by the excretion or reabsorption of bicarbonate. The major kidney acid base regulating process happens by excreting or reabsorbing bicarbonate ions. Loss of bicarbonate ion amounts to the loss of H+ since the reactions will shift to the right. This will cause the renal excretion of bicarbonate to result in the retention of H+, while also reabsorbing bicarbonate. This results in the excretion of H+. Normal values for blood plasma are: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L If the patient has blood plasma vales as follows: pH = 7.3, PCO2 = 30 mm, HCO3- = 19 mEq/L Is the patient in acidosis or alkalosis? acidosis Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? metabolic Is the condition is being compensated? compensated by respiratory