TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Biochemistry
2. Water & Its Biological Importance
3. Functional Groups
4. Macromolecules
○ Carbohydrates
○ Lipids
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acids
5. Enzymes
6. Metabolic Reactions (Endergonic vs Exergonic)
1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes occurring inside living organisms.
All living things are made of the same four major biological macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
These macromolecules form from smaller units called monomers.
, 2. WATER AND ITS BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
Water is the most abundant molecule in living organisms, making up 60–70% of body mass.
Its unique chemical properties allow it to support life.
2.1 Structure of Water
Water (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
δ-
O
/ \
H δ+ H δ+
● Oxygen is electronegative, pulling electrons closer.
● This creates a polar molecule with partial charges.
2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds, which give water its special properties.
H—O•••H—O•••H—O
Each “•••” represents a hydrogen bond (weak individually, strong collectively).
2.3 Unique Properties of Water
1. Cohesion
Water molecules stick to each other → surface tension
Example: Water droplets forming beads.
2. Adhesion
1. Introduction to Biochemistry
2. Water & Its Biological Importance
3. Functional Groups
4. Macromolecules
○ Carbohydrates
○ Lipids
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acids
5. Enzymes
6. Metabolic Reactions (Endergonic vs Exergonic)
1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes occurring inside living organisms.
All living things are made of the same four major biological macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
These macromolecules form from smaller units called monomers.
, 2. WATER AND ITS BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
Water is the most abundant molecule in living organisms, making up 60–70% of body mass.
Its unique chemical properties allow it to support life.
2.1 Structure of Water
Water (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
δ-
O
/ \
H δ+ H δ+
● Oxygen is electronegative, pulling electrons closer.
● This creates a polar molecule with partial charges.
2.2 Hydrogen Bonding
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds, which give water its special properties.
H—O•••H—O•••H—O
Each “•••” represents a hydrogen bond (weak individually, strong collectively).
2.3 Unique Properties of Water
1. Cohesion
Water molecules stick to each other → surface tension
Example: Water droplets forming beads.
2. Adhesion
