Infant and Child Development Review Final Rutgers Ingate Exam Questions And Correct Answers With Detailed Rationales.

Bart, and 11-month old, is playing on the floor of his room when his older brother steers a remote-control car (that Bert has never seen) toward him. Bart immediately looks up to his father, who is on the verge of yelling, "Stop, it's going to hit Bart." Bart then breaks into quickly-flowing tears. Bart has engaged: A. Emotional Regulation B. Self-Socialization C. Display Rules D. Social Referencing - correct answersD. Social Referencing Compared to supportive parents, parents who react in an unsupportive manner when their children are upset are more likely to have children who are: A. Emotionally competent B. Prone to aggression C. Successful in school D. Socially Competent - correct answersB. Prone to Aggression In comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are less likely to experience which if the following as a consequence of person success? A. Shame B. Pride C. Guilt D. Embarrassment - correct answersB. Pride Which of the following is an example of the use of a display rule? A. Maddie hides her eyes when she is feeling shy B. Damon tried not to look scared on the rollercoaster C. Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment D. Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch - correct answersB. Damon tried not to look scared on the rollercoaster The direct and indirect influence that parents have on their children's standards, values, and ways both thinking is referred to as: A. Socialization B. Goodness of Fit C. Discipline D. Emotional Regulation - correct answersA. Socialization Which of the following parental practices ins response to children doing something wrong is likely to influence children to feel shame over guilt? A. Telling children that they did a mean thing, rather than that they are mean B. Publicly humiliating them C. Helping children to understand the consequences of their actions for others D. Communicating respect and love in disciplinary situations - correct answersB. Publicly humiliating them The differences in the responses of Japanese and American preschoolers when they were asked what they would do if they were hit or saw another child knocking down their block tower may be related to the higher value American culture places on which of the following? A. Interdependence B. Self-assertion C. Maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships D. Emotional Control - correct answersB. Self-assertion Which of the following is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence? A. Persistance B. Ability to delay gratification C. Empathy D. Verbal fluency - correct answersD. Verba Fluency The mother of Jasmine, a six-year-old, has promised her daughter new crayons if she waits patiently while her mother shops. Which of the following is a cognitive strategy Jasmine might to use to regulate her emotions? A. Repeatedly stroke the hem on her shirt B. Wait for her mother to soothe her C. Distract herself by playing with another toy D. Negotiate with her mother to get the new crayons early, rather than late, in the shopping trip - correct answersD.Negotiate with her mother to get the new crayons early, rather than late, in the shopping trip In general, the development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of the following patterns of change EXCEPT the: A. Decreasing reliance on others for help in regulating emotions B. Increasing ability to select appropriate strategies C. Increasing use of cognitive strategies D. Decreasing control over physiological reactions - correct answersD. Decreasing control over physiological reactions Which of the following would be the least likely emotional regulation strategy for an older child? A. trying to see negative things in a positive light B. mental distraction C. self-soothing D. thinking about the meaning of events in a different light - correct answersC. self-soothing Children who exhibit which of the following are least likely to be socially competent? A. delay of gratification B. avoidance of stressful situations C. control of emotions D. planning of strategies to resolve upsetting situations - correct answersB. avoidance of stressful situations Which of the following children is least likely to grow up to be emotionally and socially competent? A. a Buddhist child living in Nepal whose parents criticize him when he expresses negative emotion B. an African-American child living in a dangerous neighborhood whose parents encourage angry responses to conflict C. a Japanese child who frequently expresses intense negative emotion D. a Euro-American child who has a firm understanding of her own and others' emotions - correct answersC. a Japanese child who frequently expresses intense negative emotion Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the: A. Strange Situation. B. Internal Working Model. C. Reciprocity Test. D. Stranger Interaction Test. - correct answersA. Strange Situation Which of the following is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base? A. enables child to learn about the world B. is a source of entertainment and learning C. provides a sense of assurance D. serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared - correct answersB. is a source of entertainment and learning In the Strange Situation, Taewon cries when his mother leaves and runs to her with smiles when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with her when a researcher enters the room. Bowlby would consider Taewon to be in which phase of the development of attachment? Ainsworth would consider him to be A. reciprocal relationships; secure B. clear-cut attachment; secure C. attachment-in-the-making; insecure-ambivalent D. preattachment; insecure-ambivalent - correct answersB. clear-cut attachment; secure Melissa, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Which of the following is true about Melissa? A. She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group. B. She probably experienced physical abuse at the hands of her parents. C. Her children will definately be securely attached to her. D. Her children are likely to be insecurely attached. - correct answersA. She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group. Which of the following is a true statement about parents' attachment models? A. There is little association between parents' models of attachment and their infants' attachment security. B. Preoccupied parents tend to be warm and sensitive toward their infants. C. Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of childrearing. D. All securely attached infants have autonomous parents. E. All of the above are true statements. F. None of the above is a true statement. - correct answersC. Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of childrearing. Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys: A. were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys. B. had all of the problems listed in the other alternatives. C. were socially isolated. D. were incapable of caring for their own young. - correct answersB. had all of the problems listed in the other alternatives. Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment? A. disorganized/disoriented B. insecure/resistant C. secure D. insecure/avoidant - correct answersA. disorganized/disoriented Which of the following groups of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother? A. disorganized/disoriented B. insecure/resistant C. secure D. insecure/avoidant - correct answersD. insecure/avoidant Children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are most likely to differ in their peer relationships because of differences in: A. abilities to use social comparisons. B. opportunities for peer interaction. C. intelligence. D. internal working models. - correct answersD. internal working models. From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which of the following? A. imprinting B. development of the id C. theory of mind D. attributions E. identification - correct answersA. imprinting Which of the following is a true statement about internal working models of attachment? A. They persist throughout child, but not into adulthood. B. They involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love. C. Only securely attached individuals possess them. D. They are entirely due to biology. E. Both A and C are true statements. F. Both B and C are true statements. - correct answersB. They involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love.