NUR 3126 Pathophysiology Exam – Questions With
Appropriate Solutions
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Terms in this set (295)
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell
Cancer growth, invasion into surrounding tissues, and potential
metastasis to distant organs.
Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor
Pathophysiology of Cancer genes disrupt the cell cycle, enabling malignant
transformation.
Genetic mutations, carcinogen exposure (e.g., smoking,
Causes of Cancer UV light, HPV), chronic inflammation, hormonal
imbalances.
Aging, family history, tobacco use, alcohol, poor diet,
Risk Factors for Cancer
obesity, environmental exposures.
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, anemia, persistent
Manifestations of Cancer pain, lump or mass, bleeding, cough, changes in
bowel/bladder habits.
Metastasis, organ failure, paraneoplastic syndromes
Complications of Cancer
(e.g., SIADH, hypercalcemia), immunosuppression.
Biopsy (definitive), CT/MRI/PET, tumor markers (e.g.,
Diagnosis of Cancer
PSA, CA-125), CBC, liver enzymes.
Grading of Cancer Cell differentiation (G1-G4).
Tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis (TNM
Staging of Cancer
system).
Mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
Stress Response axis and sympathetic nervous system, involving cortisol
and catecholamines.
Physical or emotional stressors (infection, injury,
Causes of Stress Response
psychological trauma).
,Manifestations of Stress ↑ HR, ↑ BP, hyperglycemia, pupil dilation, immune
Response suppression, anxiety.
Complications of Stress HTN, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, depression.
Response
Diagnosis of Stress Clinical evaluation, cortisol levels (saliva or blood).
Response
Hypersensitivity Reactions IgE-mediated (allergic reactions, anaphylaxis). Rapid
Type I onset.
Hypersensitivity Reactions Cytotoxic antibody-mediated (autoimmune hemolytic
Type II anemia, Rh incompatibility).
Hypersensitivity Reactions Immune complex deposition (SLE, serum sickness).
Type III
Hypersensitivity Reactions Delayed T-cell mediated (TB test, contact dermatitis).
Type IV
IgG Most abundant, long-term immunity, crosses placenta.
IgA Mucosal immunity (GI, respiratory tracts).
IgM First antibody produced in primary response.
IgE Allergies and parasitic infections.
IgD Unclear, B cell receptor role.
Cell-mediated immunity; CD4 (helper), CD8 (cytotoxic);
T Cells
mature in thymus.
Humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow; produce
B Cells
antibodies via plasma cells.
Autoimmune disease involving production of
Systemic Lupus autoantibodies against nuclear components, forming
Erythematosus (SLE) immune complexes that deposit in tissues, triggering
inflammation.
ANA (positive in 95%), anti-dsDNA, ESR, CRP, CBC,
Diagnosis of SLE
urinalysis, renal biopsy.
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T-helper cells, leading to
HIV/AIDS
immunodeficiency.
Progresses to AIDS when CD4 < 200 or opportunistic
AIDS
infections develop.
, HIV-1/2 virus via blood, sexual contact, perinatal
Causes of AIDS
transmission.
Unprotected sex, IV drug use, blood transfusions (pre-
Risk Factors for AIDS
1985), STIs.
Early Manifestations of Fever, fatigue, sore throat (acute retroviral syndrome).
AIDS
Latent Manifestations of Asymptomatic.
AIDS
Opportunistic infections (PCP, TB), Kaposi sarcoma,
AIDS Manifestations
wasting.
Opportunistic infections, malignancies, cognitive
Complications of AIDS
decline.
ELISA (screening), Western blot/PCR (confirmation),
Diagnosis of AIDS
CD4 count, viral load.
RBCs (Erythrocytes) Transport oxygen.
Immune defense (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
WBCs (Leukocytes)
eosinophils, basophils).
Platelets (Thrombocytes) Clot formation.
Cancer of hematopoietic stem cells → excessive
Leukemia Pathophysiology production of immature WBCs → bone marrow
suppression (↓ RBCs, platelets, functional WBCs).
Radiation, chemical exposure, genetic mutations (e.g.,
Causes of Leukemia
Down syndrome).
Risk Factors for Leukemia Family history, chemotherapy, immunosuppression.
Fatigue, infections, bleeding, bone pain,
Manifestations of Leukemia
hepatosplenomegaly.
Complications of Leukemia Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukostasis, CNS infiltration.
CBC (↑ WBCs, ↓ RBCs/platelets), bone marrow biopsy,
Diagnosis of Leukemia
flow cytometry.
Iron deficiency → impaired hemoglobin synthesis →
Iron Deficiency Anemia
hypochromic, microcytic RBCs → reduced oxygen-
Pathophysiology
carrying capacity.
Causes of Iron Deficiency Blood loss (GI bleed, menstruation), poor intake,
Anemia malabsorption (celiac disease).
Appropriate Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (295)
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell
Cancer growth, invasion into surrounding tissues, and potential
metastasis to distant organs.
Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor
Pathophysiology of Cancer genes disrupt the cell cycle, enabling malignant
transformation.
Genetic mutations, carcinogen exposure (e.g., smoking,
Causes of Cancer UV light, HPV), chronic inflammation, hormonal
imbalances.
Aging, family history, tobacco use, alcohol, poor diet,
Risk Factors for Cancer
obesity, environmental exposures.
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, anemia, persistent
Manifestations of Cancer pain, lump or mass, bleeding, cough, changes in
bowel/bladder habits.
Metastasis, organ failure, paraneoplastic syndromes
Complications of Cancer
(e.g., SIADH, hypercalcemia), immunosuppression.
Biopsy (definitive), CT/MRI/PET, tumor markers (e.g.,
Diagnosis of Cancer
PSA, CA-125), CBC, liver enzymes.
Grading of Cancer Cell differentiation (G1-G4).
Tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis (TNM
Staging of Cancer
system).
Mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
Stress Response axis and sympathetic nervous system, involving cortisol
and catecholamines.
Physical or emotional stressors (infection, injury,
Causes of Stress Response
psychological trauma).
,Manifestations of Stress ↑ HR, ↑ BP, hyperglycemia, pupil dilation, immune
Response suppression, anxiety.
Complications of Stress HTN, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, depression.
Response
Diagnosis of Stress Clinical evaluation, cortisol levels (saliva or blood).
Response
Hypersensitivity Reactions IgE-mediated (allergic reactions, anaphylaxis). Rapid
Type I onset.
Hypersensitivity Reactions Cytotoxic antibody-mediated (autoimmune hemolytic
Type II anemia, Rh incompatibility).
Hypersensitivity Reactions Immune complex deposition (SLE, serum sickness).
Type III
Hypersensitivity Reactions Delayed T-cell mediated (TB test, contact dermatitis).
Type IV
IgG Most abundant, long-term immunity, crosses placenta.
IgA Mucosal immunity (GI, respiratory tracts).
IgM First antibody produced in primary response.
IgE Allergies and parasitic infections.
IgD Unclear, B cell receptor role.
Cell-mediated immunity; CD4 (helper), CD8 (cytotoxic);
T Cells
mature in thymus.
Humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow; produce
B Cells
antibodies via plasma cells.
Autoimmune disease involving production of
Systemic Lupus autoantibodies against nuclear components, forming
Erythematosus (SLE) immune complexes that deposit in tissues, triggering
inflammation.
ANA (positive in 95%), anti-dsDNA, ESR, CRP, CBC,
Diagnosis of SLE
urinalysis, renal biopsy.
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T-helper cells, leading to
HIV/AIDS
immunodeficiency.
Progresses to AIDS when CD4 < 200 or opportunistic
AIDS
infections develop.
, HIV-1/2 virus via blood, sexual contact, perinatal
Causes of AIDS
transmission.
Unprotected sex, IV drug use, blood transfusions (pre-
Risk Factors for AIDS
1985), STIs.
Early Manifestations of Fever, fatigue, sore throat (acute retroviral syndrome).
AIDS
Latent Manifestations of Asymptomatic.
AIDS
Opportunistic infections (PCP, TB), Kaposi sarcoma,
AIDS Manifestations
wasting.
Opportunistic infections, malignancies, cognitive
Complications of AIDS
decline.
ELISA (screening), Western blot/PCR (confirmation),
Diagnosis of AIDS
CD4 count, viral load.
RBCs (Erythrocytes) Transport oxygen.
Immune defense (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
WBCs (Leukocytes)
eosinophils, basophils).
Platelets (Thrombocytes) Clot formation.
Cancer of hematopoietic stem cells → excessive
Leukemia Pathophysiology production of immature WBCs → bone marrow
suppression (↓ RBCs, platelets, functional WBCs).
Radiation, chemical exposure, genetic mutations (e.g.,
Causes of Leukemia
Down syndrome).
Risk Factors for Leukemia Family history, chemotherapy, immunosuppression.
Fatigue, infections, bleeding, bone pain,
Manifestations of Leukemia
hepatosplenomegaly.
Complications of Leukemia Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukostasis, CNS infiltration.
CBC (↑ WBCs, ↓ RBCs/platelets), bone marrow biopsy,
Diagnosis of Leukemia
flow cytometry.
Iron deficiency → impaired hemoglobin synthesis →
Iron Deficiency Anemia
hypochromic, microcytic RBCs → reduced oxygen-
Pathophysiology
carrying capacity.
Causes of Iron Deficiency Blood loss (GI bleed, menstruation), poor intake,
Anemia malabsorption (celiac disease).
