w
w
w
.b
io
lo
gy
ch
am
p.
bl
og
sp
ot
.c
om
, om
.c
Standard I
ot
sp
ctic l ote oo
og
Name of the student
bl
p.
Name of the Junior college
am
ch
Class Division oll No.
gy
lo
Audio - isual study material about practicals
can be obtained through DI SHA APP on
io
your smartphone by using Q. .Code.
.b
w
w
w
aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
esearch Pune - 411 004.
A
, First Edition : 2019 aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum esearch
Pune 411 004.
The aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum esearch reserves all rights
relating to the practical Notebook. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written
permission of the Director. aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
esearch. Balbharati Senapati Bapat arg Pune - 411004.
om
Subject Committee
Dr. Chandrashekhar . urumkar Ch i n Cover and illustration :
Dr. Avinash Ade Shri. Vivekanand Patil
.c
Dr. Naikare Shriram aruti Typesetting
Dr. Prakash Lohar DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune
ot
Dr. adhav Pralhad Bhilve
Dr. ishnu . a e
sp
Dr. iran andive
Co-ordination :
Shri. ajiv Arun Patole Me e ec et
Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole
og
Study roup Special Officer for Biology
Dr. Nilima ilind ulgund
bl
Dr. avindra ulkarni
Dr. Sanjay Arun Prabhu Paper :
p.
Dr. avi Narayan hade 70 GSM Creamwove
Dr. Sandhya ajendra Pawale
Print Order :
am
Dr. Sucheta ihir Waghaye
Dr. ilind anohar Shinkhede
Shri. Sandip Popatlal Chordiya
Printer
ch
Shri. Pundalik allikarjun Sutar
Shri. Amey Prakash dlabadkar
Shri. Prashant Pandurang Shirke
gy
Smt. anjusha Suresh ulkarni Production :
Smt. evati Sunil Inamdar
Shri. Sachchitanand Aphale
Smt. Falguni adlani
lo
Smt. arsha Anandrao Patil
Chief Production Officer
Smt. Shubhangi Shankar apare Shri. Liladhar Atram
io
Smt. Shweta Dilip Thakur Production Officer
.b
Smt. Prachi Ravindra Sathe
Chief Co-ordinator
w
Publisher :
w
Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi
w
Controller
Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau
Prabhadevi, Mumbai-400 025.
DISCLAIMER Note: All attempts have been made to contact copy righters but we have not heard from
them. We will pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.
B
, FOREWARD
Dear Friends,
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and State Curriculum Frame (SCF)
2010, recommend that children's life at school must be linked to their daily life. That is why a
new educational system linking school, society and family is forming instead of bookish
om
education. While the boundaries of different subjects are becoming gray, it has become very
much necessary to develop skills of respective subjects, to reach the fundamental concepts,
and content and to inreach the test for the concerned subject.
.c
Biology is a subject that must be learnt through practical, activities and observations.
ot
Laboratory is a place where students have opportunities for clarification of concepts, they are
introduced in the theory course. While performing experiments regarding mountings, slide
sp
preparations and specimen identification the students must estimate the errors in their
observations and skills, thereby realizing the accuracy and precision of their results. Various
og
parts have been covered in the notebook, thereby facilitating teachers in the proper evaluation
of the student in the laboratory. Few projects have been included in the syllabus to make the
bl
student familler with natural resources and their management, simmilary this projects will in
inculcate scientific temper among students. An opportunity to verify the theoretical part in the
p.
textbook is obtained through the practical work. All these points are taken into account in this
notebook. It will be possible to evaluate the students, with respect to basic of experimental
am
skills, observational methods and skills.
A detailed procedure is given for the practicals included as per the syllabus in the textbook.
In addition, thought provoking questions based on the practicals are given. All these should be
ch
used not only for the practical examination, but it is expected to be used also for science
education through experimental skill. This handbook could be used as a good supplimentary
gy
material for learning biology. QR code is given on first page; by using QR code you can get
additional audio-visual information regarding the practicals and activities.
lo
We are sure, you all will welcome this biology practical notebook prepared with due
concern and care. Also taking this note, we wish you all the best for your educational career.
io
.b
w
w
(Dr. Sunil Magar)
Pune
w
Director
Date : 20 June 2019
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Bharatiya Saur: 30 Jyeshtha 1941 Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune 411 004.
C
, Biology Laboratory Apparatus
1. Collect the information about different instruments, apparatus and other material in your laboratories.
2. Read the books on Scientists and their discoveries.
om
.c
ot
sp
og
bl
p.
am
ch
gy
lo
io
.b
w
w
w
D
, e o the e pe i ent e o te i n tu e
ist o e pe i ents to e pe o e
1. Study the part of microscopes. 3-8
2. To observe mitochondria in onion peel cells. 9 - 11
3. Biochemical tests. 12 - 15
om
4. Preparation of stained temporary mount of onion root tip to 16 - 21
study mitosis.
5. To Prepare a Temporary stained slides of Dicot and onocot 22 - 28
.c
specimens.
ot
6. Study of plant family egetative and Floral charactristics . 29 - 38
7. To prepare a temporary stained slide of s uamous 39 - 40
sp
epithelium.
8. To study the e ect of Light on the rate of Photosynthesis. 41 - 45
9. To study Human dentition. 46 - 47
og
10. To study the e ect of en ymes on starch egg albumin and 48 - 50
fats.
bl
11. To test rine sample for Normal and Abnormal Constituents.
e onst ti e e pe i ents pottin
51 - 54
p.
1. Study of specimens and identification with reasons. 55 - 64
am
2. Study of specimens and their identification 65 - 80
3. Study of permanent slide s of T.S. root s of sun ower and 81 - 83
mai e.
ch
4. Study of modifications of root stem and leaf. 84 - 89
5. Study and identification of In orescence 90 - 91
6. Study of animal tissues like blood smear cartilage 92 - 97
gy
mammalian bone and muscles striated non-striated and
cardiac
lo
7. Demonstration of Aerobic respiration using anong s 98 - 100
respirometer.
io
8. To Demonstrate Anaerobic respiration. 101 - 102
9. To study xternal morphology Digestive system of 103 - 107
.b
Cockroach with the help of ICT photographs models and
chart.
w
10. To study outh part i ard and Trachea of Cockroach 108 - 111
w
with the help of ICT photographs models and chart.
11. Study of histology of digestive organs of mammals vi 112 - 114
w
T.S. of Pancreas small intestine and Liver
12. Study of Human skeleton- Axial and Appendicular 115 - 122
skeleton.
C ist o o ects
1
, che e o p ctic l e in tion
iolo p ctic l e in tion
eleton uestion p pe
om
i e ou s ot l s
Q. 1 ake temporary stained prepatation of T.S of sun ower stem. 4
or
.c
Prepare a temporary stained s uash of onion root tip to show various stages of
mitosis. Sketch and label any one stage of mitosis.
ot
Q. 2 ake a temporary slide of peeling of given onion to show mitochondria. 3
sp
or
Study the vegetative and oral character of given plant material family Solanaceae
og
or Fabaceace .
or
bl
Perform the biochemical test for Starch grain mounting Sugar Proteins Fats .
Q. 3 Test the given sample of urin for ................ and ................. and make note on its 4
p.
clinical significance.
am
Q. 4 Perform the physiological experiment to demonstrate the e ect of salivary amylase 3
on starch pepsin on egg albumin bile on fats.
or
ch
ake a temporary stained slide of s uamous epithelium and draw a labelled diagram. 6
gy
Q. 5 Comment upon the spots as per insturciton
A Identification of plant specimen slide.
B oot Stem Leaf specimen.
lo
C Study of Aerobic and Anaerobic espiration.
io
D Identification of animal specimen of slide.
Animal tissues T.S of small intestine or liver or pancreas.
.b
F Specimen from Human Skeleton .
w
Q. 6 Project report may be submitted in the form of collection of pants animals slides 5
of biological data collection report on relevant topic
w
Q. 7 iva voce based on first four uestion. 2
w
Q. 8 Duly certified practical ecord book. 3
2
, A. EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED
tu the p ts o ic oscopes
te
i o stu the p ts o co poun ic oscope n thei unctions
om
e ui e ents Compound icroscope Simple icroscope
inciple A compound microscope is an indispensable instrument in any biological laboratory.
It is used for passive observation of structural details of a cell tissue or organ in sections. A
.c
monocular compound microscope and simple microscope is normally used in biology laboratory.
A modern compound microscope has following structural components as non-optical and optical.
ot
on ptic l Co ponents
se oot It is or horseshoe-shaped metallic structure that supports the whole microscope.
sp
i It is a curved metallic handle that connects with the base by inclination joint. It
supports stage and body tube.
og
nclin tion oint It is used for tilting the microscope if re uired for observation in sitting
position.
bl
t e It is a metallic platform with a central hole fitted to the lower part of the arm. icroscopic
slides are held on the stage by either simple side clips or by a mechanical stage clip.
p.
o tu e It holds ocular and objective lenses at its two ends. The end holding ocular lens
is called head while the end containing 3-4 objective lenses is called nose piece. The body
am
tube has an internal pathway for the passage of light rays which form the enlarged image of
microscopic objects.
tu e It is a small tube that remains fixed at the upper end of the body tube. It holds
ch
eyepiece or ocular lens.
ust ent sc e s There are two pairs of screws for moving the body tube in relation to
gy
stage larger for coarse adjustment and smaller for fine adjustment.
a. In coars adjustment body tube moves up down.
b. In fine adjustment body tube moves up down but in extremely short distances.
lo
The coarse adjustment is meant for movement of objective lens to a proper distance from
the object so as to form image of the same at the ocular end. Fine adjustment is re uired to obtain
io
sharp image.
.b
ptic l Co ponents
cul ens o epiece It is lens through which image of the microscopic object is observed.
w
It also takes part in magnification. Depending upon magnification and as per re uirements the
eye piece can be used normally 5x to 20x.
w
ecti e enses They are fitted under the nose piece. bjective lenses are of three types
i low power commonly 10 or 5 ii high power commonly 45 iii oil immersion
w
commonly 100 or more . An objective lens is not a single lens but compound lens. It forms
real inverted image of the object inside the body tube.
i ph It is itted just below the stage for regulating the amount of light reaches on the
object. Diaphragm is of two types disc and iris.
3
, Con ense It is attached below the diaphragm. Condenser can be moved up and down.
Mi o It is attached just above the base. Both its surface bear mirrors plane on one side and
concave on other side. Plane mirror is used in strong natural light and concave mirror in weak
artificial light. irror directs the light on the object through the condenser and diaphragm
system.
t in o tion
om
sse l
Assembly is made up of lens diaphragm and filter holder. Lowering of condenser gives
di use light whereas raising of condenser given bright light. Iris diaphragm controls the uantity
of light. The filter holder can be used to get light of desired colour by using suitable filter. In
.c
addition to this a phase contrast ring also can be used to get a cone of light on the object phase
contrast arrangement is helpful to study living organism and structures like agella cilia etc.
ot
Plane and concave mirrors are used to focus light on the object.
sp
pes o Mic oscopes arious types of microscopes are available. The microscopes have varied
applications and modifications that contribute to their usefulness.
i ple ic oscope
og
issectin ic oscope
he uo escent ic oscope
lect on ic oscope
bl
p.
ns ission elect on ic oscope M
he sc nnin elect on ic oscope M
am
icroscope as the name indicates is an instrument designed to magnify objects which are
not visible to human eye. icroscope was invented by Anton von Leeuwenhoek in 1675 A. D.
Dissecting microscope is a simple microscope with single lens. It is used to dissect the
ch
small organisms or their parts. Dissection of house y Cockroach Drosophila parts of ower etc.
are generally studied under dissecting microscope.The organism to be studied is kept on the stage
gy
and the lens is adjusted with the help of adjustment screw to get a sharp image. In this microscope
lenses of 5 10 or 45 are used.
Compound microscope has much higher resolving power than a simple microscope. nder
lo
this small organisms tissues and cells can be easily studied.
enerally the microscopes which we use in biology laboratory are dissecting and compound
io
microscopes with monocular setting. esearch and pathology laboratories use binocular and
electron microscopes.
.b
M ni c tion th ou h ic oscope
w
To get the total magnification take the power of the objective 5 10 45x and multiply
by the power of the eyepiece usually 10 .
w
esolution o ic oscope The resolution of an optical microscope is defined as the smallest
distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished as two separate entities.
w
esolution is the power of an optical instrument to capture and produce more details of
an image while magnification is the power of an instrument to create and produce a much larger
image of an object. Although both are dependent upon each other a high magnification does not
always guarantee a high resolution.
4
, i ections o use o Mic oscope
1. Clean the stage and with soft cloth or filter paper.
2. Set low power objective in its correct position first.
3. eep the condenser up and the diaphragm in open position. Focus light with the help of
concave mirror. Avoid direct light form the sun and intense light bulb.
4. Clean the lower surface of the slide before placing it on the stage.
om
5. iew through eyepiece and rotate coarse adjustment knob till you see the image of object .
6. Adjust condenser and diaphragm for better resolution.
7. For the clear image rotate fine adjustment knob.
.c
8. Adjust slide to view desired portion.
9. Clean the microscope before you leave the place.
ot
ec utions
1. Always pick up a microscope using both hands one hand holding the arm of the microscope
sp
and the other supporting its base.
2. Although it may seem tempting never grab or carry a microscope by its eyepiece.
og
3. When you put the microscope down again be sure to do so on a at surface such as a tabletop.
4. irror of the microscope must be facing light source.
bl
5. Lenses should be clean before and after using microscope.
cti it
p.
pl in the i e ence et een t o inst u ents n i el els to the i s
am
Lens
ch
Folded arm
gy
Stage
lo
Adjustment screw
io
Mirror
.b
Stand
w
Base
w
w
Simple Microscope
5
w
w
.b
io
lo
gy
ch
am
p.
bl
og
sp
ot
.c
om
, om
.c
Standard I
ot
sp
ctic l ote oo
og
Name of the student
bl
p.
Name of the Junior college
am
ch
Class Division oll No.
gy
lo
Audio - isual study material about practicals
can be obtained through DI SHA APP on
io
your smartphone by using Q. .Code.
.b
w
w
w
aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
esearch Pune - 411 004.
A
, First Edition : 2019 aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum esearch
Pune 411 004.
The aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum esearch reserves all rights
relating to the practical Notebook. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written
permission of the Director. aharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
esearch. Balbharati Senapati Bapat arg Pune - 411004.
om
Subject Committee
Dr. Chandrashekhar . urumkar Ch i n Cover and illustration :
Dr. Avinash Ade Shri. Vivekanand Patil
.c
Dr. Naikare Shriram aruti Typesetting
Dr. Prakash Lohar DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune
ot
Dr. adhav Pralhad Bhilve
Dr. ishnu . a e
sp
Dr. iran andive
Co-ordination :
Shri. ajiv Arun Patole Me e ec et
Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole
og
Study roup Special Officer for Biology
Dr. Nilima ilind ulgund
bl
Dr. avindra ulkarni
Dr. Sanjay Arun Prabhu Paper :
p.
Dr. avi Narayan hade 70 GSM Creamwove
Dr. Sandhya ajendra Pawale
Print Order :
am
Dr. Sucheta ihir Waghaye
Dr. ilind anohar Shinkhede
Shri. Sandip Popatlal Chordiya
Printer
ch
Shri. Pundalik allikarjun Sutar
Shri. Amey Prakash dlabadkar
Shri. Prashant Pandurang Shirke
gy
Smt. anjusha Suresh ulkarni Production :
Smt. evati Sunil Inamdar
Shri. Sachchitanand Aphale
Smt. Falguni adlani
lo
Smt. arsha Anandrao Patil
Chief Production Officer
Smt. Shubhangi Shankar apare Shri. Liladhar Atram
io
Smt. Shweta Dilip Thakur Production Officer
.b
Smt. Prachi Ravindra Sathe
Chief Co-ordinator
w
Publisher :
w
Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi
w
Controller
Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau
Prabhadevi, Mumbai-400 025.
DISCLAIMER Note: All attempts have been made to contact copy righters but we have not heard from
them. We will pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.
B
, FOREWARD
Dear Friends,
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and State Curriculum Frame (SCF)
2010, recommend that children's life at school must be linked to their daily life. That is why a
new educational system linking school, society and family is forming instead of bookish
om
education. While the boundaries of different subjects are becoming gray, it has become very
much necessary to develop skills of respective subjects, to reach the fundamental concepts,
and content and to inreach the test for the concerned subject.
.c
Biology is a subject that must be learnt through practical, activities and observations.
ot
Laboratory is a place where students have opportunities for clarification of concepts, they are
introduced in the theory course. While performing experiments regarding mountings, slide
sp
preparations and specimen identification the students must estimate the errors in their
observations and skills, thereby realizing the accuracy and precision of their results. Various
og
parts have been covered in the notebook, thereby facilitating teachers in the proper evaluation
of the student in the laboratory. Few projects have been included in the syllabus to make the
bl
student familler with natural resources and their management, simmilary this projects will in
inculcate scientific temper among students. An opportunity to verify the theoretical part in the
p.
textbook is obtained through the practical work. All these points are taken into account in this
notebook. It will be possible to evaluate the students, with respect to basic of experimental
am
skills, observational methods and skills.
A detailed procedure is given for the practicals included as per the syllabus in the textbook.
In addition, thought provoking questions based on the practicals are given. All these should be
ch
used not only for the practical examination, but it is expected to be used also for science
education through experimental skill. This handbook could be used as a good supplimentary
gy
material for learning biology. QR code is given on first page; by using QR code you can get
additional audio-visual information regarding the practicals and activities.
lo
We are sure, you all will welcome this biology practical notebook prepared with due
concern and care. Also taking this note, we wish you all the best for your educational career.
io
.b
w
w
(Dr. Sunil Magar)
Pune
w
Director
Date : 20 June 2019
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Bharatiya Saur: 30 Jyeshtha 1941 Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune 411 004.
C
, Biology Laboratory Apparatus
1. Collect the information about different instruments, apparatus and other material in your laboratories.
2. Read the books on Scientists and their discoveries.
om
.c
ot
sp
og
bl
p.
am
ch
gy
lo
io
.b
w
w
w
D
, e o the e pe i ent e o te i n tu e
ist o e pe i ents to e pe o e
1. Study the part of microscopes. 3-8
2. To observe mitochondria in onion peel cells. 9 - 11
3. Biochemical tests. 12 - 15
om
4. Preparation of stained temporary mount of onion root tip to 16 - 21
study mitosis.
5. To Prepare a Temporary stained slides of Dicot and onocot 22 - 28
.c
specimens.
ot
6. Study of plant family egetative and Floral charactristics . 29 - 38
7. To prepare a temporary stained slide of s uamous 39 - 40
sp
epithelium.
8. To study the e ect of Light on the rate of Photosynthesis. 41 - 45
9. To study Human dentition. 46 - 47
og
10. To study the e ect of en ymes on starch egg albumin and 48 - 50
fats.
bl
11. To test rine sample for Normal and Abnormal Constituents.
e onst ti e e pe i ents pottin
51 - 54
p.
1. Study of specimens and identification with reasons. 55 - 64
am
2. Study of specimens and their identification 65 - 80
3. Study of permanent slide s of T.S. root s of sun ower and 81 - 83
mai e.
ch
4. Study of modifications of root stem and leaf. 84 - 89
5. Study and identification of In orescence 90 - 91
6. Study of animal tissues like blood smear cartilage 92 - 97
gy
mammalian bone and muscles striated non-striated and
cardiac
lo
7. Demonstration of Aerobic respiration using anong s 98 - 100
respirometer.
io
8. To Demonstrate Anaerobic respiration. 101 - 102
9. To study xternal morphology Digestive system of 103 - 107
.b
Cockroach with the help of ICT photographs models and
chart.
w
10. To study outh part i ard and Trachea of Cockroach 108 - 111
w
with the help of ICT photographs models and chart.
11. Study of histology of digestive organs of mammals vi 112 - 114
w
T.S. of Pancreas small intestine and Liver
12. Study of Human skeleton- Axial and Appendicular 115 - 122
skeleton.
C ist o o ects
1
, che e o p ctic l e in tion
iolo p ctic l e in tion
eleton uestion p pe
om
i e ou s ot l s
Q. 1 ake temporary stained prepatation of T.S of sun ower stem. 4
or
.c
Prepare a temporary stained s uash of onion root tip to show various stages of
mitosis. Sketch and label any one stage of mitosis.
ot
Q. 2 ake a temporary slide of peeling of given onion to show mitochondria. 3
sp
or
Study the vegetative and oral character of given plant material family Solanaceae
og
or Fabaceace .
or
bl
Perform the biochemical test for Starch grain mounting Sugar Proteins Fats .
Q. 3 Test the given sample of urin for ................ and ................. and make note on its 4
p.
clinical significance.
am
Q. 4 Perform the physiological experiment to demonstrate the e ect of salivary amylase 3
on starch pepsin on egg albumin bile on fats.
or
ch
ake a temporary stained slide of s uamous epithelium and draw a labelled diagram. 6
gy
Q. 5 Comment upon the spots as per insturciton
A Identification of plant specimen slide.
B oot Stem Leaf specimen.
lo
C Study of Aerobic and Anaerobic espiration.
io
D Identification of animal specimen of slide.
Animal tissues T.S of small intestine or liver or pancreas.
.b
F Specimen from Human Skeleton .
w
Q. 6 Project report may be submitted in the form of collection of pants animals slides 5
of biological data collection report on relevant topic
w
Q. 7 iva voce based on first four uestion. 2
w
Q. 8 Duly certified practical ecord book. 3
2
, A. EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED
tu the p ts o ic oscopes
te
i o stu the p ts o co poun ic oscope n thei unctions
om
e ui e ents Compound icroscope Simple icroscope
inciple A compound microscope is an indispensable instrument in any biological laboratory.
It is used for passive observation of structural details of a cell tissue or organ in sections. A
.c
monocular compound microscope and simple microscope is normally used in biology laboratory.
A modern compound microscope has following structural components as non-optical and optical.
ot
on ptic l Co ponents
se oot It is or horseshoe-shaped metallic structure that supports the whole microscope.
sp
i It is a curved metallic handle that connects with the base by inclination joint. It
supports stage and body tube.
og
nclin tion oint It is used for tilting the microscope if re uired for observation in sitting
position.
bl
t e It is a metallic platform with a central hole fitted to the lower part of the arm. icroscopic
slides are held on the stage by either simple side clips or by a mechanical stage clip.
p.
o tu e It holds ocular and objective lenses at its two ends. The end holding ocular lens
is called head while the end containing 3-4 objective lenses is called nose piece. The body
am
tube has an internal pathway for the passage of light rays which form the enlarged image of
microscopic objects.
tu e It is a small tube that remains fixed at the upper end of the body tube. It holds
ch
eyepiece or ocular lens.
ust ent sc e s There are two pairs of screws for moving the body tube in relation to
gy
stage larger for coarse adjustment and smaller for fine adjustment.
a. In coars adjustment body tube moves up down.
b. In fine adjustment body tube moves up down but in extremely short distances.
lo
The coarse adjustment is meant for movement of objective lens to a proper distance from
the object so as to form image of the same at the ocular end. Fine adjustment is re uired to obtain
io
sharp image.
.b
ptic l Co ponents
cul ens o epiece It is lens through which image of the microscopic object is observed.
w
It also takes part in magnification. Depending upon magnification and as per re uirements the
eye piece can be used normally 5x to 20x.
w
ecti e enses They are fitted under the nose piece. bjective lenses are of three types
i low power commonly 10 or 5 ii high power commonly 45 iii oil immersion
w
commonly 100 or more . An objective lens is not a single lens but compound lens. It forms
real inverted image of the object inside the body tube.
i ph It is itted just below the stage for regulating the amount of light reaches on the
object. Diaphragm is of two types disc and iris.
3
, Con ense It is attached below the diaphragm. Condenser can be moved up and down.
Mi o It is attached just above the base. Both its surface bear mirrors plane on one side and
concave on other side. Plane mirror is used in strong natural light and concave mirror in weak
artificial light. irror directs the light on the object through the condenser and diaphragm
system.
t in o tion
om
sse l
Assembly is made up of lens diaphragm and filter holder. Lowering of condenser gives
di use light whereas raising of condenser given bright light. Iris diaphragm controls the uantity
of light. The filter holder can be used to get light of desired colour by using suitable filter. In
.c
addition to this a phase contrast ring also can be used to get a cone of light on the object phase
contrast arrangement is helpful to study living organism and structures like agella cilia etc.
ot
Plane and concave mirrors are used to focus light on the object.
sp
pes o Mic oscopes arious types of microscopes are available. The microscopes have varied
applications and modifications that contribute to their usefulness.
i ple ic oscope
og
issectin ic oscope
he uo escent ic oscope
lect on ic oscope
bl
p.
ns ission elect on ic oscope M
he sc nnin elect on ic oscope M
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icroscope as the name indicates is an instrument designed to magnify objects which are
not visible to human eye. icroscope was invented by Anton von Leeuwenhoek in 1675 A. D.
Dissecting microscope is a simple microscope with single lens. It is used to dissect the
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small organisms or their parts. Dissection of house y Cockroach Drosophila parts of ower etc.
are generally studied under dissecting microscope.The organism to be studied is kept on the stage
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and the lens is adjusted with the help of adjustment screw to get a sharp image. In this microscope
lenses of 5 10 or 45 are used.
Compound microscope has much higher resolving power than a simple microscope. nder
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this small organisms tissues and cells can be easily studied.
enerally the microscopes which we use in biology laboratory are dissecting and compound
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microscopes with monocular setting. esearch and pathology laboratories use binocular and
electron microscopes.
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M ni c tion th ou h ic oscope
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To get the total magnification take the power of the objective 5 10 45x and multiply
by the power of the eyepiece usually 10 .
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esolution o ic oscope The resolution of an optical microscope is defined as the smallest
distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished as two separate entities.
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esolution is the power of an optical instrument to capture and produce more details of
an image while magnification is the power of an instrument to create and produce a much larger
image of an object. Although both are dependent upon each other a high magnification does not
always guarantee a high resolution.
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, i ections o use o Mic oscope
1. Clean the stage and with soft cloth or filter paper.
2. Set low power objective in its correct position first.
3. eep the condenser up and the diaphragm in open position. Focus light with the help of
concave mirror. Avoid direct light form the sun and intense light bulb.
4. Clean the lower surface of the slide before placing it on the stage.
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5. iew through eyepiece and rotate coarse adjustment knob till you see the image of object .
6. Adjust condenser and diaphragm for better resolution.
7. For the clear image rotate fine adjustment knob.
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8. Adjust slide to view desired portion.
9. Clean the microscope before you leave the place.
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ec utions
1. Always pick up a microscope using both hands one hand holding the arm of the microscope
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and the other supporting its base.
2. Although it may seem tempting never grab or carry a microscope by its eyepiece.
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3. When you put the microscope down again be sure to do so on a at surface such as a tabletop.
4. irror of the microscope must be facing light source.
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5. Lenses should be clean before and after using microscope.
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pl in the i e ence et een t o inst u ents n i el els to the i s
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Lens
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Folded arm
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Stage
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Adjustment screw
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Mirror
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Stand
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Base
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Simple Microscope
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