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Hoorcolleges Uitdagingen in Beleidsadvisering

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Aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges van Uitdagingen in Beleidsadvisering. De gastcolleges zitten hier niet bij, want dat was in mijn jaar geen examenstof. Ook zit een deel van de uitgewerkte literatuur in deze aantekeningen.

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Uitdagingen in Beleidsadvisering

HC1: Typen beleidsadviseurs en trends daarin

Craft & Howlett (2013)

Dit artikel onderzoekt het concept ‘beleidsadvies systemen’. Dit concept is bedoeld om de
verschillende bronnen van advies die overheden gebruiken in beleidsvormingsprocessen te
karakteriseren en analyseren.

Eerdere studies richtten vaak de aandacht op specifieke adviesgevers, zoals
beleidsonderzoekers in de overheid of lobbygroepen, zonder rekening te houden met hoe deze
actoren met elkaar samenwerken of elkaar beïnvloeden. Dit negeerde echter de interactie van
verschillende adviesbronnen.

Er zijn twee belangrijke ontwikkelingen die het advies aan overheden beïnvloeden:

1. Externalisatie = dit betekent dat overheden steeds meer advies inwinnen van externe
consultants en andere organisaties buiten de overheid, zoals denktanks. Dit verandert
de manier waarop beleidsadvies wordt gegeven, omdat niet alleen interne experts
invloed hebben, maar ook externe partijen. De verschuiving naar externalisatie toont aan
dat overheden de waarde van externe kennis en expertise beter erkennen.
2. Politicisering = bij politicisering gat het om de toenemende invloed van politieke
adviseurs binnen de regering. Dit betreft vooral advies dat is gericht op het behalen van
politieke doelen en kortetermijndoelen, in plaats van op neutraal, technisch advies. Het
idee van neutraliteit in advies geven wordt hierdoor onder druk gezet, wat de kwaliteit en
inhoud van het advies kan beïnvloeden.

Deze twee ontwikkelingen tussen de traditionele grenzen tussen binnenlandse (interne) en
buitenlandse (externe) adviesbronnen vervagen, wat invloed heeft op wie de meeste invloed
heeft binnen deze systemen en hoe beleidsinformatie wordt verkregen.

Traditionele modellen van beleidsadvies systemen koppelen invloed vaak aan de locatie van
adviseurs, dus of ze binnen of buiten de overheid opereren. Dit is nuttig, maar het artikel zegt dat
er meer aandacht moet zijn voor het soort advies dat wordt gegeven. Het gaat hierbij niet alleen
om wie advies geeft, maar ook om de inhoud en de veranderingen daarin. Het is cruciaal om te
begrijpen hoe de kwaliteit van het advies fluctuaties vertoont, en hoe dat zowel technische als
politieke dimensies kan bevatten.

,Er wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen koude en warme beleidsadviezen in tabel 3.

• Koude adviezen → informatie-gebaseerd, neutraal en gericht op de lange termijn. Ook
proactief, strategisch en gericht op het publieke belang. Ideaal om de beste oplossingen
voor te stellen.
• Warme adviezen → gesteund door meningen en ideologie, vaak reactief en gericht op de
korte termijn. Houdt zich bezig met politieke belangen en gericht op het behalen van
electorale winst. Duidelijkheid en objectiviteit kunnen ontbreken, en het proces is vaak
geheim of bemiddeld.

Tabel 4 categoriseert verschillende actoren binnen beleid advies systemen op basis van het
soort advies dat zij geven:

• Korte termijn adviezen / reagerende adviezen → Politieke partijen, parlementen,
lobbyisten en crisismanager; gefocust op onmiddellijke beleidsbehoeften.
• Lange termijn adviezen / anticiperende adviezen → Wetenschappelijke en academische
adviseurs, denktanks; gericht op strategische beleidsvorming en evidence-based
beleidsaanpak.

De auteurs willen een nieuw onderzoeksperspectief dat niet alleen de structuur van deze
systemen in kaart brengt, maar ook de dynamiek. Deze dynamiek verwijst naar hoe de
interacties tussen verschillende actoren in de adviessystemen veranderen in de loop van de tijd.
Er wordt erkend dat hoewel de traditionele bronnen van advies nog steeds belangrijk zijn, het
noodzakelijk is om te kijken naar de bredere context waarin deze systemen functioneren. Dit
helpt bij het verkrijgen van een beter begrip van hoe beleid wordt ontwikkeld en wie invloedrijk
zijn in dat proces.




H3: Advisors, who are they?

There are three broad types of advisors within departments:

• Non-managerial public servants → they contribute to public policy development, which
makes them policy advisors even if they do not interact directly with policy makers
• Managerial public servants → covers a broad range of ranks, from middle management
up to the most senior positions
• Political policy advisors in ministry offices →

,There is an administrative component and a political component of a department. Public
servants make up the administrative component of a department. Their mission is technical, in
that their policy analyses should be based solely on their expertise, not on political
considerations. In order to protect their independence from political power, they are
accountable to the deputy minister (a public servant like them), and not to the minister. The
minister’s office is the political component of a department. The minister hires and fires his or
her staffers at-will. Some among these staffers are assigned with the mission of providing policy
advice to the minister (others carry out different tasks, such as managing communications).

The coexistence of public servants and ministerial advisors remains a controversial issue.
Ministerial advisors have their say not only about the political dimension of public policies, but
also about their technical dimension, thus encroaching on the public servants’ territory. They
also have a degree of access to the minister that most public servants do not have.

At the local level there are many organizational models, but generally there are non-managerial
and managerial public servants. The existence of political advisors is not widespread in local
governments, and where they exist, there are not many of them. How specialized public servants
are at the local level can vary significantly depending on the size of the government: the smaller
it is, the wider the range of policy areas that each public servant has to handle.

Those who assist policy makers in the legislative branch are, for the most part, political advisors.
Like ministerial advisors, they are hired and fired discretionarily, as legislators please. The size of
teams of advisors can vary depending on the resources a legislative body grants either to
caucuses or to legislators to hire advisors. Some legislative bodies have more resources than
others, and some allocate resources among legislators based on criteria.

The mission of policy advisors is clearly of a political nature, since a major part of their work is to
brief legislators for question period. The magnitude of this role varies depending on the political
system.

Certain legislative bodies also employ non-partisan research staff whose services may be
requested by all legislators. However, compared to other types of advisors, these staffers have a
less central role in the policy development process.




H4.1: Advisors, what do they do?

In the executive branch

, Departmental public servants provide the best possible advice to policymakers, and then
implement their decisions. Concretely, this breaks down into multiple tasks: detect and monitor
problems, perform strategic analyses (including environmental scans), network with and
consult various actors, collect raw or research data, carry out research or evaluations,
commission research, analyse data, develop projections or scenarios, develop public policy
options, provide policy advice, prepare budgets, develop service or program plans, implement
these plans, network with various actors, and represent their team in meetings, seminars,
conferences or on committees

Managerial public servants encompass various profiles, ranging from mid-level managers to the
deputy minister. There is not much detail about their tasks, but they differ between levels. What
distinguishes them from non-managerial staff is that they have more interactions with senior
administrative levels, especially for providing briefings and policy advice.

Ministerial advisors consult stakeholders about their preferences and reactions to options being
considered. They analyse whether the options put forward by public servants are consistent with
the policy positions of their ministers; they analyse the political risks and benefits of these
options; based on this, they brief and advise the minister. In addition to these tasks on the
political front, ministerial advisors perform other tasks that intersect with those of public
servants, which are of a technical nature. Ministerial advisors monitor the departmental policy
development process, they transmit instructions to public servants on behalf of the minister,
they discuss with them the policy options being considered.




In the legislative branch → legislators perform tasks such as gathering information, drafting
statements for their legislator, drafting bills, monitoring public policy implementation, and for
those advisors involved in supporting the work of legislative (congressional, senatorial, etc.)
committees, organizing hearings, which can include participating in the selection of the persons
called to testify.




In local governments → mid-level managers s organize and conduct meetings and draft their
agendas and minutes; they develop networks and alliances; they search for, analyse and convey
evidence; they provide public policy options to policy makers. Through these tasks, like the
advisors of legislators in their own context, they personally contribute to many aspects of public
policy development.
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