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Samenvatting Sammenvatting communicatiewetenschappen I 16/20

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Met deze samenvatting heb ik een 16 op 20 gehaald. De samenvatting behandeld het boek aangevuld met de lessen en bevat ook een duidelijke uitgebreide inhoudstafel en tabellen voor de duidelijkheid. Ik heb andere samenvatting nagekeken zodat er zeker niets mist

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Communicatiewetenschappen 1 samenvatting

,Inhoudsopgave
1. Bouwstenen - Teken en het communicatieproces ........................................................................................................ 7
1.1. Bouwstenen van een discipline en praktijk: het teken, semiotiek en representatie ............................................................................. 7
1.1.1. Semiotiek ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Representatie: hoe komt betekenis tot stand? .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2. Teken, tekensysteem en tekenindeling ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Tekensystemen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2. Tekenindelingen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2. Elementen van het communicatieproces ..................................................................................................................................... 14
1. De Communicator ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2. De boodschap ............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Encoderen/decoderen: ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
1. Encoding-decoding (S. Hall, 1973) ............................................................................................................................................ 16
4. Transmissie, het kanaal en medium.............................................................................................................................................. 17
5. De ontvanger ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
6. Wanneer is een communicatieproces geslaagd?.......................................................................................................................... 18
1.3. Communicatiemodellen:............................................................................................................................................................... 18
1. Communicatiemodel van Lasswell (1948)..................................................................................................................................... 19
2. Communicatiemodel van Shannon en Weaver (1949) ................................................................................................................. 20
3. Balansmodel/ ABX-model van Newcomb (1953) .......................................................................................................................... 21
4. Communicatiemodel van Schramm (1954) ................................................................................................................................... 21
5. Communicatiemodel van Gerbner (1956) .................................................................................................................................... 22
6. Roman Jakobson (1960) ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
1.4. Verschillende visies op het communicatieproces ......................................................................................................................... 25
1. Transmissie model ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
2. Rituele/ expressieve modellen ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
3. Publiciteitsmodellen/ Attentievisie............................................................................................................................................... 26
4. Receptiemodellen: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
1.5. Vormen van communicatie ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
2. The Young and the Restless ....................................................................................................................................... 30
2.1. Ontstaan en ontwikkeling van communicatiewetenschappen als discipline ................................................................................ 30
2.1.1. Voorlopers van de communicatiewetenschappen ............................................................................................................... 30
2.1.2. Institutionalisering van de communicatiewetenschappen ................................................................................................... 31
Harold Lasswell.................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Paul Lazarsfeld................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Kurt Lewin ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Carl Hovland ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1.3. Administratief vs. kritisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2. De paradigmatische strijd in de communicatiewetenschappen ................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1. Paradigma het begrip ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.2. Paradigma shift .................................................................................................................................................................... 34

2

, 2.2.3. Het dominante mainstream paradigma in de communicatiewetenschappen ..................................................................... 35
2.2.4. Alternatief kritisch paradigma in de communicatiewetenschappen .................................................................................... 37
2.6. Theoretische diversiteit in de communicatiewetenschappen ........................................................................................................... 39
2.6.1. Het concept: theorie ................................................................................................................................................................... 39
2.6.2. Classificeren van theorievorming ................................................................................................................................................ 40
a. Actie-structuur.......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
b. Consensus-conflict .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
c. Materie-geest ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3. Coming of age – Onderzoek naar media en communicatie in de 1e helft van de 20e eeuw .......................................... 42
3.1. De massamaatschappij ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
3.1.1. Context massacommunicatie-onderzoek begin 20ste eeuw ................................................................................................ 42
3.1.2. Massa ................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.3. Massamedia.......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2. Massamaatschappijtheorie ........................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.1. Context 20e eeuw ................................................................................................................................................................. 44
3.2.2. Concepten en ideen in het denken over massamaatschappij.............................................................................................. 45
1. Sociologische benadering ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
a. Tönnies gemeisnchaft VS gesellschaft ................................................................................................................................. 45
b. Durkheim: mechanisme VS organische solidariteit .............................................................................................................. 46
2. Psychologische benadering ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
a. Behavioristische psychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 47
b. Psychoanalyse, Freud ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
3.2.3. Massamaatschappijtheorie .................................................................................................................................................. 49
3.2.4. Basisassumpties over de media ....................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.5. Kritieken ........................................................................................................................................................................... 51
3.2.6. Slotbeschouwing .............................................................................................................................................................. 51
3.3. Propaganda ................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
3.3.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
3.3.2. Kritische propagandastudies ................................................................................................................................................ 53
3.3.3. Kritische paradigma moet plaats ruimen ............................................................................................................................. 54
3.3.4. Propagandatheorie van Lasswell .......................................................................................................................................... 56
4. Het Mainstream Paradigma ...................................................................................................................................... 57
4.1. Groei van het mainstreamparadigma ........................................................................................................................................... 57
4.2. Functionalisme en functionalistische mediatheorie ..................................................................................................................... 59
4.2.1. Functionalistische mediatheorie .......................................................................................................................................... 60
a. Lasswell .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
b. Merton & Lazarsfeld ................................................................................................................................................................ 60
c. Wright ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
d. Mcqauil & deuze (2020) ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Kritieken op functionalisme en functionalistische mediatheorie:..................................................................................................... 62
4.3. Sociologie: Actiegerichte benadering en interpretatieve theorie................................................................................................. 62

3

, 4.3.1. Symbolisch interactionisme ............................................................................................................................................. 62
4.3.2. Fenomenologie ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
4.3.3. Etnomethodologie ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
4.4. Inspiratie uit psychologie en cognitieve dissonantie .................................................................................................................... 65
4.4.1. Congruentietheorie .............................................................................................................................................................. 65
4.4.2. Cognitieve dissonantietheorie ............................................................................................................................................. 65
Kritieken: D.D. Sears en W. McGuire ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
4.5. Sociolinguïstiek: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 66
4.5.1. Langue – parole (de Saussure) ............................................................................................................................................. 67
4.5.2. Interpretatieve gemeenschap .............................................................................................................................................. 67
4.5.3. Sapir-Whorf-hypothese........................................................................................................................................................ 67
4.5.4. Deficithypothese/ codetheorie ........................................................................................................................................... 68
4.6. Snelle opkomst en bloei van de communicatiewetenschappen: slingerbewegingen in het mainstreamparadigma ................... 68
4.6.1. Focus media-effecten ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Fase 1: almachtige media .................................................................................................................................................................. 69
Fase 2: limited effects, eerste slingerbeweging ................................................................................................................................ 69
a. Two- en multi-step flow ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
b. Mediating factors ...................................................................................................................................................................... 72
c. Uses & Gratifications ................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Kritieken: ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Fase 3: machtige media: the sequel .................................................................................................................................................. 74
a. Agendasetting........................................................................................................................................................................... 74
b. Cultivatie................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
c. De zwijgspiraal .......................................................................................................................................................................... 76
5. Het alternatieve kritisch paradigma ........................................................................................................................... 78
5.1 Marxistische uitgangspunten......................................................................................................................................................... 78
5.1.1. Het arbeidsproces ................................................................................................................................................................. 79
5.1.2. Onderbouw en bovenbouw .................................................................................................................................................. 80
5.1.3. Marxisme: Ideologie ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
5.1.4. Kritieken ............................................................................................................................................................................... 81
5.2. Kritische theorie en Frankfurter Schule ......................................................................................................................................... 82
5.2.1. Origine en onderzoeksprogramma ....................................................................................................................................... 82
Oorsprong ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Onderzoeksprogramma..................................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.2.2. Culturele dimensie................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Cultuurindustrie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
5.2.3. Politieke dimensie ................................................................................................................................................................ 85
Publieke sfeer .................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Kritieken op Frankfurterschule .............................................................................................................................................................. 87
5.3. Politieke Economie van communicatie .......................................................................................................................................... 88
5.3.1. Origine .................................................................................................................................................................................. 88

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