NUR 239 Final Exam – Questions With
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Terms in this set (212)
-Beta cell destruction usually leading to absolute
What is the
insulin deficiency.
pathophysiology of type
-Type IA: immune system destroys beta cells
1 diabetes?
-Type IB: genetic cause
-Polyuria: increased urination
-Polydipsia: increased thirst
-Polyphagia: increase hunger
-Weight loss
What are the signs and
-Fatigue
symptoms of type 1
-Increased frequency of infections
diabetes?
-Rapid onset
-Insulin dependent
-Familial tendency
-Peak incidence from 10-15 years
-May range from predominantly insulin resistance
with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly
secretory defect with insulin resistance.
-Result of beta-cell exhaustion due to long-standing
insulin resistance.
What is the -Genetics and family history put you at an increased
pathophysiology of type risk
2 diabetes? 1. Stomach converts food to glucose
2. Glucose enters bloodstream
3. Pancreas produces sufficient insulin but it is
resistant to effective use
4. Glucose unable to enter body effectively
5. Glucose levels increase
, -Sedentary lifestyle
-Familial tendency
-Average age 50 years
-Hx of increased BP
What are risks factors for -Fatigue and decreased energy
type 2 diabetes? -Obese
-Recurrent infections
-Polyuria
-Polydipsia
-FBS > 126 mg/dl
-Insulin resistance -failure of target cells to respond
to insulin. Often predated by compensatory beta
cell hyperfunction and hyperinsulinemia
-Increased glucose production in liver -
overproduction of glucose despite fasting
What are the metabolic
hyperinsulinemia
abnormalities?
-Impaired secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta
cells - may be result of decrease in beta cell mass,
increased apoptosis, decrease regeneration of beta
cells, beta cell exhaustion due to long standing
insulin resistance
-BG > 600 mg/dL
-High plasma osmolarity (pulls fluid out of cells and
into extracellular fluid)
-Severe dehydration, thirst
-Absence of ketoacidosis (suppressed by insulin
What are the
available)
characteristics of
-Many neurological symptoms
hyperglycemia
-Insidious onset
hyperosmolar state?
-More common is Type 2 DM
-May also occur with MI, acute pancreatitis, severe
infections, oral or parenteral nutrition solutions
-Treatment similar to DKA, but with larger amounts
of IV fluid replacement
, -Hyperglycemia: BG>250mg/dL
-Begins with polyuria, polydipsia, N, V, fatigue,
stupor
-Onset: over 4-10 hours
-Causes: lack of insulin, GI upset, febrile illness
-Symptoms:
^Breath smells like juicy fruit gum
^Kussmaul respirations
^Thirsty, dehydration, dry mouth
^Stomach pain
^Sleepiness
^Increased pulse
What are the
^Vomiting
characteristics of diabetic
^Flushed face
ketoacidosis and what do
^Tachycardia
they need to treat it?
^Hypotension
^Acidosis
^High Blood Sugar (>240mg/dl)
^Hyperkalemia
^Polyuria
-Patient will need hydration, insulin, and electrolyte
replacement.
^Regular Insulin IV push and infusion
^K+ replacement
^IV fluids (NS at first, then add Dextrose as BG
lowers)
^Frequent BS checks, labs
What diabetes patients 140-180mg/dL
are critical care?
, -BG < 70
-Low blood sugar symptoms
-Symptoms:
^Headache
^Shaking
^Hunger
^Weakness
^Feeling tired
^Sweating
^Tachycardia
What are the ^Irritability
characteristics of ^Restless
hypoglycemia and what ^Excessive hunger
do they need? ^Diaphoresis
^Depression
^Anxious
^Confusion
^Blurred/Double vision
^Cool, clammy skin
-Onset: Rapid. 1-3 hours.
-Causes: Insufficient food, excess exercise, excess
insulin
-Patients need their blood sugar increased with
glucose, glucagon, or dextrose (IV)
-Rebound hyperglycemia
-Cycle of insulin induced post-hypoglycemic
episodes
-Insulin induced hypoglycemia produces
compensatory increase in blood levels of
What is the somogyi
catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, growth
effect?
hormone
-Causes blood glucose to become elevated
-Produces some degree of insulin resistance
-Hypoglycemic episode may occur at night
-Requires change in diet and dose or time of insulin
What is the blood sugar -Hot and dry: sugar high
mnemonic? -Cold and clammy: need some candy
Guaranteed Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (212)
-Beta cell destruction usually leading to absolute
What is the
insulin deficiency.
pathophysiology of type
-Type IA: immune system destroys beta cells
1 diabetes?
-Type IB: genetic cause
-Polyuria: increased urination
-Polydipsia: increased thirst
-Polyphagia: increase hunger
-Weight loss
What are the signs and
-Fatigue
symptoms of type 1
-Increased frequency of infections
diabetes?
-Rapid onset
-Insulin dependent
-Familial tendency
-Peak incidence from 10-15 years
-May range from predominantly insulin resistance
with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly
secretory defect with insulin resistance.
-Result of beta-cell exhaustion due to long-standing
insulin resistance.
What is the -Genetics and family history put you at an increased
pathophysiology of type risk
2 diabetes? 1. Stomach converts food to glucose
2. Glucose enters bloodstream
3. Pancreas produces sufficient insulin but it is
resistant to effective use
4. Glucose unable to enter body effectively
5. Glucose levels increase
, -Sedentary lifestyle
-Familial tendency
-Average age 50 years
-Hx of increased BP
What are risks factors for -Fatigue and decreased energy
type 2 diabetes? -Obese
-Recurrent infections
-Polyuria
-Polydipsia
-FBS > 126 mg/dl
-Insulin resistance -failure of target cells to respond
to insulin. Often predated by compensatory beta
cell hyperfunction and hyperinsulinemia
-Increased glucose production in liver -
overproduction of glucose despite fasting
What are the metabolic
hyperinsulinemia
abnormalities?
-Impaired secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta
cells - may be result of decrease in beta cell mass,
increased apoptosis, decrease regeneration of beta
cells, beta cell exhaustion due to long standing
insulin resistance
-BG > 600 mg/dL
-High plasma osmolarity (pulls fluid out of cells and
into extracellular fluid)
-Severe dehydration, thirst
-Absence of ketoacidosis (suppressed by insulin
What are the
available)
characteristics of
-Many neurological symptoms
hyperglycemia
-Insidious onset
hyperosmolar state?
-More common is Type 2 DM
-May also occur with MI, acute pancreatitis, severe
infections, oral or parenteral nutrition solutions
-Treatment similar to DKA, but with larger amounts
of IV fluid replacement
, -Hyperglycemia: BG>250mg/dL
-Begins with polyuria, polydipsia, N, V, fatigue,
stupor
-Onset: over 4-10 hours
-Causes: lack of insulin, GI upset, febrile illness
-Symptoms:
^Breath smells like juicy fruit gum
^Kussmaul respirations
^Thirsty, dehydration, dry mouth
^Stomach pain
^Sleepiness
^Increased pulse
What are the
^Vomiting
characteristics of diabetic
^Flushed face
ketoacidosis and what do
^Tachycardia
they need to treat it?
^Hypotension
^Acidosis
^High Blood Sugar (>240mg/dl)
^Hyperkalemia
^Polyuria
-Patient will need hydration, insulin, and electrolyte
replacement.
^Regular Insulin IV push and infusion
^K+ replacement
^IV fluids (NS at first, then add Dextrose as BG
lowers)
^Frequent BS checks, labs
What diabetes patients 140-180mg/dL
are critical care?
, -BG < 70
-Low blood sugar symptoms
-Symptoms:
^Headache
^Shaking
^Hunger
^Weakness
^Feeling tired
^Sweating
^Tachycardia
What are the ^Irritability
characteristics of ^Restless
hypoglycemia and what ^Excessive hunger
do they need? ^Diaphoresis
^Depression
^Anxious
^Confusion
^Blurred/Double vision
^Cool, clammy skin
-Onset: Rapid. 1-3 hours.
-Causes: Insufficient food, excess exercise, excess
insulin
-Patients need their blood sugar increased with
glucose, glucagon, or dextrose (IV)
-Rebound hyperglycemia
-Cycle of insulin induced post-hypoglycemic
episodes
-Insulin induced hypoglycemia produces
compensatory increase in blood levels of
What is the somogyi
catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, growth
effect?
hormone
-Causes blood glucose to become elevated
-Produces some degree of insulin resistance
-Hypoglycemic episode may occur at night
-Requires change in diet and dose or time of insulin
What is the blood sugar -Hot and dry: sugar high
mnemonic? -Cold and clammy: need some candy
