BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology II – Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive Systems, Exam Questions and Study Guide

This BIOD 151 exam study guide includes verified questions and answers on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems. It provides detailed coverage of blood circulation, heart anatomy, gas exchange, and digestion processes. A complete resource to test knowledge and prepare for exams with confidence. There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - answer1) chemical 2) cellular 3) tissue 4) organ structure 5) organ system 6) organism The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? - answerThe integumentary system The function of movement is provided by what system? - answerThe muscular system The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - answerThe nervous system The function of digestion is provided by what system? - answerThe digestive system What is anabolism? - answerWhen more complex structures are synthesized from simpler ones. What is catabolism? - answerWhen more complex structures are broken down into simpler ones. Excretion involves what systems? - answerThe respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - answerThe - 2 -: endocrine system. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? - answerThe epithelial tissue. Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - answer1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport chain What is the purpose of ATP? - answerATP provides cells with the energy necessary to carry out cellular activities and functions. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - answerSecretion and absorption What are the four basic tissue types? - answer1) epithelial 2) muscle 3) connective 4) nervous Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - answerSuperficial Away from the body surface is what direction? - answerDeep Between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what direction? - answerIntermediate Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? - answerMedial Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction? - answerInferior Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? - answerSuperior Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - answerAnterior/Ventral Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - answerDistal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - answerProximal Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - answerPosterior/Dorsal Closing of a joint is which action? - answerFlexion Opening of a joint is which action? - answerExtension In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - answerSupination Why are the hands - 3 -: palm forward in anatomical position? - answerIn supination the forearm bones (the radius and ulna) are uncrossed. Define elevation - answerupward movement of a structure Define depression in anatomy - answerdownward movement of a structure Define retraction - answerthe movement of a structure in the posterior direction Define protraction - answerthe movement of a structure