BSC 108 Kennedy Exam 3 - University of
Alabama
What is the structure of a strand of DNA? - ✅✅-double helix, twisted ladder
What is DNA composed of? - ✅✅-nucleotide subunits
What is the backbone of DNA? - ✅✅-deoxyribose and a phosphate group
What is the backbone of DNA covalently bonded to? - ✅✅-nitrogen-containing bases
How many strands of DNA does a DNA molecule contain? - ✅✅-two
The two strands of DNA are: - ✅✅-complementary
What are the nitrogen-containing bases in DNA? - ✅✅-adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
How are the nitrogen-containing bases held together? - ✅✅-hydrogen bonds
What bases pair together? - ✅✅-adenine=thymine
guanine=cytosine
How does DNA replicate? - ✅✅ -DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for
complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix
and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative
✅✅
One parent molecule is composed of two __________________ that separate. -
-complementary strands
Each strand is used as a ______________ to make a new strand. - ✅✅-template
What are the two daughter molecules composed of? - ✅✅-One "old" (parent) strand and one
"new" (synthesized) strand
Where do parent strands separate? - ✅✅-origins of replication
Where and how does synthesis of two new complementary strands occur? - ✅✅-replication
bubbles, using the parent strands as templates
✅✅
What do the replication bubbles do as DNA replication progresses in both directions at the
replication forks? - -merge
How does an organism's DNA lead to specific traits? - ✅✅-by dictating the synthesis of
proteins
✅✅-single-stranded nucleic acid
What is the structure of RNA? -
RNA contains ________ instead of thymine. - ✅✅-Uracil
What sugar is used in RNA? - ✅✅-ribose
,What is the function of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)? -✅✅-to make up ribosomes with proteins
What two processes do genes code for specific proteins? - ✅✅-transcription and translation
What is transcription? - ✅✅-synthesis of mRNA under the direction of DNA
Where does transcription occur? - ✅✅-nucleus of a cell
What is translation? - ✅✅-synthesis of a polypeptide (which will become a protein) under the
direction of mRNA
Where does translation occur? - ✅✅-on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is the structure of tRNA? - ✅✅-three leaf clover, where one loop is the anticodon and the
other end is where the amino acid attaches
✅✅-picks up amino acids and matches them to codons
What is tRNA's role in translation? -
How does information flow in a cell? - ✅✅-DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA makes RNA through: - ✅✅-transcription
RNA makes protein through: - ✅✅-translation
What is a mutation? - ✅✅-change in the genetic material of a cell
What is a point mutation? - ✅✅-change in one base pair of a gene
What can a point mutation change? - ✅✅-a gene's protein product
What does change in the DNA molecule cause? - ✅✅-altered mRNA to be transcribed and
different amino acids to be added to the polypeptide chain
What are frameshift mutations? - ✅✅-mutations caused by insertions/deletions of a number of
nucleotides not divisible by 3
What are potential effects of frameshift mutations? - ✅✅-completely different translation,
replication ending too soon, too-long chain
What is a plasmid? - ✅✅-small ring of self-replicating DNA separate from the larger
chromosome(s)
What is biotechnology? - ✅✅-manipulation of organisms or their parts to produce a useful
product
What is recombinant DNA? - ✅✅-molecule containing DNA from two different sources
What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)? - ✅✅-organism that has acquired one or
more genes artificially
What is a transgenic organism? - ✅✅-a GMO that has received genes from an organism from
another species
, What is a stem cell? - ✅✅-a cell that generates replacements for nondividing differentiated
cells
What is an embryonic stem cell? - ✅✅ -cells in early animal/human embryo that differentiate
during development to create all of the specialized cells in the body
What is gene therapy? - ✅✅-procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted
person's genes
What is reproductive cloning? - ✅✅-using a body cell to make one or more genetically
identical individuals
What is therapeutic cloning? - ✅✅-reproductive cloning of human cells by nuclear
transplantation
How could a scientist genetically engineer an organism? - ✅✅ -1. Isolate a bacterial plasmid
and DNA of interest from another organism
2. Two are joined together, resulting in recombinant plasmids
3. Recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacteria, which "take up" the recombinant plasmids
4. Each bacterium (carrying the recombinant plasmid) reproduces via cell division to form a
clone
a. The foreign gene carried by recombinant plasmid is also copied
5. Transgenic bacteria with the gene of interest can then be grown in large tanks
6. Final product may be:
a. Copies of the gene itself
b. Product of the cloned gene
✅✅
What are some examples of how genetic engineering has affected agriculture and medicine? -
-herbicide resistant crops, nutritional value of crops, greater yield of crops by making them
resistant to natural destroyers, vaccines, gene therapy
What is DNA fingerprinting? - ✅✅
-technique that analyzes an individual's unique collection of
genetic markers to determine whether two samples of genetic material came from the same
individual
What are some of the common uses of DNA fingerprinting? - ✅✅ -to solve crimes using
forensics, paternity/maternity testing, family genetics, ancient DNA/archaeology
✅✅
What did Darwin's observations of the geographic distribution of species like the Galapagos
finches lead to? - -ideas about adaptation to the environment and origin of new species
What ideas was Darwin influenced by? - ✅✅-gradualism by Hutton and Lyell
What is adaptation? -✅✅-a characteristic that helps and individual survive and reproduce
What is Darwin's theory of natural selection? - ✅✅-Organisms have variations, struggle to
exist, and differ in fitness. Organisms that are more fit will successfully reproduce and pass on
desirable variations and in this way, they will become adapted to their environments
What is Darwinian fitness? - ✅✅-contribution to the next generation's gene pool, relative to the
average for the population
Alabama
What is the structure of a strand of DNA? - ✅✅-double helix, twisted ladder
What is DNA composed of? - ✅✅-nucleotide subunits
What is the backbone of DNA? - ✅✅-deoxyribose and a phosphate group
What is the backbone of DNA covalently bonded to? - ✅✅-nitrogen-containing bases
How many strands of DNA does a DNA molecule contain? - ✅✅-two
The two strands of DNA are: - ✅✅-complementary
What are the nitrogen-containing bases in DNA? - ✅✅-adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
How are the nitrogen-containing bases held together? - ✅✅-hydrogen bonds
What bases pair together? - ✅✅-adenine=thymine
guanine=cytosine
How does DNA replicate? - ✅✅ -DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for
complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix
and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative
✅✅
One parent molecule is composed of two __________________ that separate. -
-complementary strands
Each strand is used as a ______________ to make a new strand. - ✅✅-template
What are the two daughter molecules composed of? - ✅✅-One "old" (parent) strand and one
"new" (synthesized) strand
Where do parent strands separate? - ✅✅-origins of replication
Where and how does synthesis of two new complementary strands occur? - ✅✅-replication
bubbles, using the parent strands as templates
✅✅
What do the replication bubbles do as DNA replication progresses in both directions at the
replication forks? - -merge
How does an organism's DNA lead to specific traits? - ✅✅-by dictating the synthesis of
proteins
✅✅-single-stranded nucleic acid
What is the structure of RNA? -
RNA contains ________ instead of thymine. - ✅✅-Uracil
What sugar is used in RNA? - ✅✅-ribose
,What is the function of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)? -✅✅-to make up ribosomes with proteins
What two processes do genes code for specific proteins? - ✅✅-transcription and translation
What is transcription? - ✅✅-synthesis of mRNA under the direction of DNA
Where does transcription occur? - ✅✅-nucleus of a cell
What is translation? - ✅✅-synthesis of a polypeptide (which will become a protein) under the
direction of mRNA
Where does translation occur? - ✅✅-on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is the structure of tRNA? - ✅✅-three leaf clover, where one loop is the anticodon and the
other end is where the amino acid attaches
✅✅-picks up amino acids and matches them to codons
What is tRNA's role in translation? -
How does information flow in a cell? - ✅✅-DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA makes RNA through: - ✅✅-transcription
RNA makes protein through: - ✅✅-translation
What is a mutation? - ✅✅-change in the genetic material of a cell
What is a point mutation? - ✅✅-change in one base pair of a gene
What can a point mutation change? - ✅✅-a gene's protein product
What does change in the DNA molecule cause? - ✅✅-altered mRNA to be transcribed and
different amino acids to be added to the polypeptide chain
What are frameshift mutations? - ✅✅-mutations caused by insertions/deletions of a number of
nucleotides not divisible by 3
What are potential effects of frameshift mutations? - ✅✅-completely different translation,
replication ending too soon, too-long chain
What is a plasmid? - ✅✅-small ring of self-replicating DNA separate from the larger
chromosome(s)
What is biotechnology? - ✅✅-manipulation of organisms or their parts to produce a useful
product
What is recombinant DNA? - ✅✅-molecule containing DNA from two different sources
What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)? - ✅✅-organism that has acquired one or
more genes artificially
What is a transgenic organism? - ✅✅-a GMO that has received genes from an organism from
another species
, What is a stem cell? - ✅✅-a cell that generates replacements for nondividing differentiated
cells
What is an embryonic stem cell? - ✅✅ -cells in early animal/human embryo that differentiate
during development to create all of the specialized cells in the body
What is gene therapy? - ✅✅-procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted
person's genes
What is reproductive cloning? - ✅✅-using a body cell to make one or more genetically
identical individuals
What is therapeutic cloning? - ✅✅-reproductive cloning of human cells by nuclear
transplantation
How could a scientist genetically engineer an organism? - ✅✅ -1. Isolate a bacterial plasmid
and DNA of interest from another organism
2. Two are joined together, resulting in recombinant plasmids
3. Recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacteria, which "take up" the recombinant plasmids
4. Each bacterium (carrying the recombinant plasmid) reproduces via cell division to form a
clone
a. The foreign gene carried by recombinant plasmid is also copied
5. Transgenic bacteria with the gene of interest can then be grown in large tanks
6. Final product may be:
a. Copies of the gene itself
b. Product of the cloned gene
✅✅
What are some examples of how genetic engineering has affected agriculture and medicine? -
-herbicide resistant crops, nutritional value of crops, greater yield of crops by making them
resistant to natural destroyers, vaccines, gene therapy
What is DNA fingerprinting? - ✅✅
-technique that analyzes an individual's unique collection of
genetic markers to determine whether two samples of genetic material came from the same
individual
What are some of the common uses of DNA fingerprinting? - ✅✅ -to solve crimes using
forensics, paternity/maternity testing, family genetics, ancient DNA/archaeology
✅✅
What did Darwin's observations of the geographic distribution of species like the Galapagos
finches lead to? - -ideas about adaptation to the environment and origin of new species
What ideas was Darwin influenced by? - ✅✅-gradualism by Hutton and Lyell
What is adaptation? -✅✅-a characteristic that helps and individual survive and reproduce
What is Darwin's theory of natural selection? - ✅✅-Organisms have variations, struggle to
exist, and differ in fitness. Organisms that are more fit will successfully reproduce and pass on
desirable variations and in this way, they will become adapted to their environments
What is Darwinian fitness? - ✅✅-contribution to the next generation's gene pool, relative to the
average for the population
