FULL TEST BANK
TEST BANK FOR DARBY AND WALSH DENTAL
HYGIENE THEORY AND PRACTICE 5TH EDITION
BY JENNIFER A PIEREN, DENISE M. BOWEN
PRINTED PDF | ORIGINAL DIRECTLY FROM THE PUBLISHER | 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | DOWNLOAD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ORDER
1|Page
, Complete Test bank, All Chapters are included.
Table of Contents
Chapter 01: The Dental Hygiene Profession ......................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 02: Human Needs Theory And Dental Hygiene Care ........................................................................................................16
Chapter 03: Evidence-Based Decision Making ................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 04: Health And Health Promotion ......................................................................................................................................35
Chapter 05: Changing Behaviors......................................................................................................................................................47
Chapter 06: Cultural Competence ....................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter 08: The Dental Hygiene Care Environment ........................................................................................................................61
Chapter 10: Medical Emergencies....................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 11: Ergonomics ...................................................................................................................................................................79
Chapter 12: The Health History .......................................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 13: Vital Signs ....................................................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 14: Pharmacologic History .................................................................................................................................................98
Chapter 15: Extraoral And Intraoral Clinical Assessment..............................................................................................................110
Chapter 16: Dentition Assessment .................................................................................................................................................117
Chapter 17: Oral Hygiene Assessment: Soft And Hard Deposits ..................................................................................................127
Chapter 18: Dental Caries Management By Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................132
Chapter 19: Periodontal And Risk Assessment ..............................................................................................................................137
Chapter 20: Potential Impact Of Periodontal Infections On Overall General Health.....................................................................147
Chapter 21: Dental Hygiene Diagnosis ..........................................................................................................................................159
Chapter 22: Dental Hygiene Care Plan, Evaluation, And Documentation .....................................................................................169
Chapter 23: Toothbrushing .............................................................................................................................................................181
Chapter 24: Mechanical Oral Biofilm Control: Interdental And Supplemental Self-Care Devices ...............................................188
Chapter 25: Dentifrices...................................................................................................................................................................201
Chapter 26: Hand-Activated Instrumentation .................................................................................................................................209
Chapter 27: Ultrasonic Instrumentation..........................................................................................................................................219
Chapter 28: Root Morphology And Instrumentation Implications .................................................................................................227
Chapter 29: Stain Management And Tooth Whitening ..................................................................................................................235
Chapter 30: Decision Making Related To Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy ................................................................................243
Chapter 31: Chemotherapy For The Control Of Periodontal Disease ............................................................................................257
Chapter 32: Acute Gingival And Periodontal Conditions, Lesions Of Endodontic Origin, And Avulsed Teeth...........................265
Chapter 33: Fluorides, Chlorhexidine, Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, And Xylitol ...................................................................268
Chapter 34: Pit And Fissure Sealants .............................................................................................................................................275
Chapter 35: Nutritional Counseling................................................................................................................................................279
Chapter 36: Tobacco Cessation ......................................................................................................................................................288
Chapter 37: Impressions, Study Casts, And Oral Appliances ........................................................................................................297
2|Page
,Chapter 38: Restorative Therapy ....................................................................................................................................................303
Chapter 39: Dentinal Hypersensitivity Management .....................................................................................................................312
Chapter 40: Local Anesthesia.........................................................................................................................................................320
Chapter 41: Nitrous Oxide–Oxygen Analgesia...............................................................................................................................327
Chapter 42: Persons With Disabilities............................................................................................................................................336
Chapter 43: Cardiovascular Disease...............................................................................................................................................344
Chapter 44: Diabetes Mellitus ........................................................................................................................................................354
Chapter 45: Oral Care Of Persons With Cancer.............................................................................................................................363
Chapter 46: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ................................................................................................................373
Chapter 47: Persons With Neurologic And Sensory Deficits.........................................................................................................384
Chapter 49: Renal Disease And Organ Transplantation .................................................................................................................394
Chapter 55: The Older Adult ..........................................................................................................................................................403
Chapter 56: Persons With Fixed And Removable Dental Prostheses ............................................................................................412
Chapter 60: Abuse And Neglect.....................................................................................................................................................422
Chapter 61: Palliative Oral Care.....................................................................................................................................................431
Chapter 62: Practice Management..................................................................................................................................................441
Chapter 63: Career Planning And Job Searching ...........................................................................................................................451
3|Page
, Chapter 01: The Dental Hygiene Profession
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What Is The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene?
a. The Study Of Teeth And Their Supporting Structures
b. Brushing And Flossing One’s Teeth And Rinsing With An Antimicrobial
Mouth Rinse Twice A Day, Morning And Night
c. The Study Of Preventive Oral Healthcare, Including The Management Of
Behavior To Prevent Oral Disease And Promote Health
d. The Study Of Those Procedures That Dental Hygienists Provide To Clients
ANSWER: C
The Study Of Teeth And Their Supporting Structures. This Answer Is Wrong Because The
Discipline Of Dental Hygiene Covers Much More Information Than The Study Of Teeth And
Supporting Structures. Dental Hygiene Focuses on the Preventive Measures That the Teeth
and Supporting Structures Must Receive, In Addition To Other Oral Healthcare Steps That
Must Be Taken To Promote One’s Health.
Brushing And Flossing One’s Teeth and Rinsing with an Antimicrobial Mouth Rinse Twice a
Day, Morning And Night. This Answer Is Wrong Because This Statement Describes Only
One Procedure Within The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene. Dental Hygiene Is A Much Larger
And General Field Of Study Than This Simple Preventive Action.
The Study Of Preventive Oral Healthcare Including The Management Of Behavior To
Prevent Oral Disease And Promote Health. This Answer Is Correct Because This Is The
Direct Definition Of Dental Hygiene. The Definition Can Be Broken Down Into Smaller,
Specified Divisions To Further Develop The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene.
The Study Of Those Procedures That Dental Hygienists Provide To Clients. This Answer Is
Wrong Because Dental Hygienists Play Many Interrelated Roles, Such As Clinician,
Educator, Administrator Or Manager, Advocate, And Researcher. Although Each Of These
Roles Is Created To Assist In Dental Hygiene, The Discipline Is Not Centered On The
Actions And Procedures Of The Dental Hygienist.
REF: What Is Dental Hygiene? | 1
2. Who Is The Professional Dental Hygienist?
a. A Licensed Preventive Oral Health Professional Who Has Graduated
From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Entry Level
Dental Hygiene Program
b. A Licensed Person Who Has Learned On The Job Via A Preceptorship Program,
Such As The Alabama Dental Hygienists Program
c. A Dentist Who Has Graduated From A Commission On
Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Dental School Program
d. A Person Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation,
Accredited, Dental Assisting Program
ANSWER: A
4|Page
, A Licensed Preventive Oral Health Professional Who Has Graduated From A Commission
On Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Entry Level Dental Hygiene Program. This Answer Is
Correct Because To Be Eligible As A Professional Dental Hygienist, The Person Must Have
Graduated From An Accredited Dental Hygiene Program.
A Licensed Person Who Has Learned On The Job Via A Preceptorship Program, Such As
The Alabama Dental Hygienists Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Dental
Hygienist Cannot Learn On The Job To Become A Professional. Rather, They Must Pass
Written Examinations And Graduate From An Accredited Dental Hygiene Program.
A Dentist Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited,
Dental School Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Dentist Has A Higher Degree
Than A Dental Hygienist And Therefore, Generally, Works Above A Dental Hygienist. It
Is Not Necessary For A Dental Hygienist To Receive An Education From A Dental School.
A Person Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited,
Dental Assisting Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Person Graduating From An
Accredited Dental Assisting Program Would Only Be Licensed As A Dental Assistant.
REF: Who Is The Dental Hygienist? | 1
3. All Of These Services Are Provided By The Majority Of Dental Hygienists In The Clinical
Setting
Except One. Which One Is The Exception?
a. Perform Periodontal Maintenance Care.
b. Implement Interventions To Direct A Person Back To Oral Wellness.
c. Provide Fluoride Varnish Treatment.
d. Place And Remove Restorations.
ANSWER: D
Perform Periodontal Maintenance Care. This Is A Service Provided In The Clinical Setting.
The Clinical Setting Allows For Application Of Preventive And Therapeutic Agents Related
To Periodontal Disease. For Example: Subgingival Sustained-Release Delivery Systems
Containing Chlorhexidine.
Implement Interventions To Direct A Person Back To Oral Wellness. This Is A Service
Provided In The Clinical Setting. The Main Goal Of A Dental Hygienist Is To Prevent Oral
Disease And Promote Health. Therefore, If The State Of An Individual’s Oral Health
Changes, The Dental Hygienist (Within The Scope Of The Clinical Setting) Can Provide
Some Degree Of Intervention To Direct The Individual Back To Oral Wellness.
Provide Fluoride Varnish Treatment. This Is A Service Provided In The Clinical Setting. The
Clinical Setting Allows For Application Of Preventive And Therapeutic Agents Related To
Dental Caries. Fluoride Varnish Treatments Prolong Fluoride Exposure On The Tooth Surface
For Safe And Effective Caries Control.
Place And Remove Restorations. This Service Is Not Provided By The Majority Of Dental
Hygienists In The Clinical Setting. Only A Few Dental Hygienists Have The Certification To
Place Restorations, While Many Others Do Not. Also, The Removal Of Restorations Is Not A
Given Action Of A Dental Hygienist In The Clinical Setting.
REF: Clinician | 3
4. Which Of The Following Is A Key Behavior Within The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care?
a. Observation
b. Diagnosis
c. Communication Skills
5|Page
, d. Client Care
ANSWER: B
Observation. This Answer Is Wrong Because Dental Hygienists Must Go Further Than Simply
Observing The Client. The Hygienist Must Assess The Client By Thoroughly Collecting Data.
Diagnosis. This Answer Is Correct Because Identifying The Diagnosis Is The Focal Point For
Establishing Goals In The Dental Hygiene Care Plan. The Client’s Dental Hygiene Needs Are
Determined So That Specific Interventions Can Be Implemented.
Communication Skills. This Answer Is Wrong Because The Communication Skills Are Not A
Key Behavior And Are Not Necessary To Complete The Dental Hygiene Process.
Client Care. This Answer Is Wrong Because Client Care Is Not One Of The Steps In Dental
Hygiene Care. However, Proper Client Care Is The Goal Being Achieved Through The Key
Behaviors.
REF: What Is The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care? | 1
5. Which Of The Following Is Not An Environmental Factor That The Dental Hygienist
Takes Into Account In The Human Needs Model?
a. Age
b. Attitudes
c. Lifestyles
d. Weight
ANSWER: D
Age. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account Because
Age Plays A Large Role In The Development Of An Individual’s Oral Health.
Attitudes. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because It Can Have An Effect On The Dental Hygiene Process.
Lifestyles. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because An Individual’s Oral Health Can Be Affected By Lifestyle Choices.
Weight. This Answer Is Not An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because An Individual’s Weight Does Not Affect Their Oral Health. The Diet Choices That
Go Along With A Person’s Particular Weight May Affect Oral Health, But The Overall
Weight Of An Individual Does Not.
REF: What Is The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care? | 1
6. Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Seven Roles Of A Dental Hygienist?
a. Clinician
b. Public Health
c. Interpreter
d. Researcher
ANSWER: C
The Seven Roles Of A Dental Hygienist Are Clinician, Public Health,
Researcher, Educator, Administrator, And Entrepreneur.
REF: Chapter One, Table 1-1 Seven Roles Of The Dental Hygienist | 4
7. What Is A Paradigm?
a. A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The
Knowledge Of Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers
6|Page
, b. Decision-Making Skills That Are Used Worldwide
c. A School Of Thought Within A Discipline
d. A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Direction And
Methods Of Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers
ANSWER: D
A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Knowledge Of Its
Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers. This Answer Is Incorrect Because
A Paradigm Does Not Shape The Knowledge But Shapes The Direction And Methods Of
Practitioners, Etc.
Decision-Making Skills That Are Used Worldwide. This Answer Is Incorrect Because A
Paradigm Does Not Focus On Decision-Making Skills That Are Accepted Worldwide.
A School Of Thought Within A Discipline. This Answer Is Incorrect Because It Is The
Definition Of A Conceptual Model.
A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Direction And Methods Of
Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers. This Answer Is Correct
Because Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers All Accept This Paradigm
Or Worldview Of Discipline In Major Concepts Selected For Study And Statements About
Major Statements That Define Them In A Global Matter.
REF: Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm | 5
8. Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Four Major Concepts Of Paradigm For
The Dental Hygiene Discipline?
a. Client
b. Health And Oral Health
c. Environment
d. Nutrition
ANSWER: D
Client. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because The Client Is The Recipient Of
Dental Hygiene Care.
Health And Oral Health. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because The Discipline
Of Dental Hygiene Exists To Promote Oral Health, Which Influences Overall Health.
Environment. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because Factors Other Than
Dental Hygiene Actions Affect The Client’s Attainment Of Optimal Oral Health.
Nutrition. This Answer Is Not A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because Nutrition Does Not
Identify The Phenomena Central To The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene In An Abstract Global
Manner.
REF: BOX 1-3: Four Major Concepts Of The Dental Hygiene Paradigm | 6
9. The Importance Of A Conceptual Model Is To Provide Philosophic And Practical
Perspectives About Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Concepts. Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Is
Operationalized Via The Human Needs Conceptual Model.
a. Both Statements Are True.
b. The First Statement Is True, And The Second Statement Is False.
c. The First Statement Is False, And The Second Statement Is True.
d. Both Statements Are False.
ANSWER: A
7|Page
, Both Statements Are True. Conceptual Models Do Provide Philosophic And Practical
Perspectives About Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Concepts; However, The Models Can
Explain Dental Hygiene From Different Perspectives As Well. Also, The Human Needs
Conceptual Model Defines The Paradigm Concepts.
The First Statement Is True; The Second Statement Is False. Both Statements Are
True. The First Statement Is False; The Second Statement Is True. Both
Statements Are True. Both Statements Are False. Both Statements Are True.
REF: Conceptual Models | 6
10. What Occurs When Individuals With Differing Strengths And Areas Of Expertise Work
Together As Equal Partners To Achieve Better Outcomes Than Each Would Achieve
Working Alone?
a. Implementation
b. Collaboration
c. Determination
d. Concentration
ANSWER: B
Implementation. This Answer Is Incorrect Because By Definition Implementation Is The Act Of
Putting Something Into Effect. Implementing Something Can Be Done Individually.
Collaboration. This Answer Is Correct And Is Demonstrated In The Collaborative Practice
Model, Which Assumes That Dentists And Dental Hygienists Work Together As
Colleagues. Determination. This Answer Is Incorrect Because Determination Does Not
Require Partners Of Differing Strengths. Determination Can Be Achieved Individually By
Staying Focused On The Task At Hand.
Concentration. This Answer Is Incorrect Because Concentration Is Just Maintaining A Strong
Focus On The Task At Hand. Collaboration Can Be Done More Efficiently If The Partners
Are Concentrated But Is Not Required.
REF: Collaborative Practice Model | 6
11. What Is The Collaborative Practice Conceptual Model?
a. Dentist And Dental Hygienist Work Together As Colleagues, Each Offering
Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare
To The Public
b. Model Describing The Best Methods Of Dentist And Dental Hygienist To
Work As A Team
c. Model Showing How Collaboration Produces Better Work
d. Dental Hygienists And Other Healthcare Professionals Work Together As
Colleagues, Each Offering Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing
Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public
ANSWER: A
Dentist And Dental Hygienists Work Together As Colleagues, Each Offering Professional
Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public.
Model Describing The Best Methods Of Dentist And Dental Hygienist To Work As A Team.
This Answer Is Incorrect Because The Focus And Main Goal Of The Model Is To Provide
Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public, Not To Learn To Work As A Team.
Model Showing How Collaboration Produces Better Work. This Answer Is Incorrect Because
The Model Focuses On Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public. Collaboration
Between A Dentist And Dental Hygienist Is Just An Assisting Factor To Reach Optimum Oral
Healthcare.
8|Page
, Dental Hygienists And Other Healthcare Professionals Work Together As Colleagues, Each
Offering Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The
Public. This Answer Is Incorrect Because The Collaboration Must Be Between A Dentist And
A Dental Hygienist. This Plays A Key Role In Establishing A Co-Therapist Relationship
Within The Collaborative Practice Conceptual Model.
REF: Collaborative Practice Model | 6-7
12. Which Is Not One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist?
a. Educator
b. Manager
c. Researcher
d. Clients
ANSWER: D
Educator. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist. An
Educator Explains Concepts Regarding Oral Health And Disease, And Their Relationship To
General Health; Demonstrates Oral Self-Care Procedures; Determines Client Understanding;
Motivates Behavior Change; Reinforces Learning Or Desired Behavior; And Evaluates The
Client’s Progress In Learning.
Manager. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental
Hygienist. A Manager’s Position Is To Guide And Direct The Work Of Others. They
Do This By Planning, Making Decisions, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, And
Controlling.
Researcher. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist. A
Researcher Tests The Assumptions Of Clinical Practice.
Clients. This Is Not One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist.
The Client Is The Individual Receiving Oral Healthcare From The Dental Hygienist.
REF: Roles | 2-5
13. According To The Occupational Model, The Dental Hygienist:
a. Uses A Process Of Care To Assess Needs, Diagnose Dental Hygiene
Problems, And Plan, Implement, Evaluate, And Document Dental Hygiene
Care.
b. Works Together With The Dentist, Each Offering Professional Expertise For The
Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public.
c. Is A Dental Auxiliary Who Implements Treatment Plans And Carries Out Isolated
Duties As Directed By The Supervising Dentist.
d. Explains Dental Hygiene From Different Perspectives.
ANSWER: C
The Occupational Model5 Presents The Concept Of Dental Hygiene Actions As Technically
Based. According To This Model The Dental Hygienist Is A Dental Auxiliary Who Implements
Treatment Plans And Carries Out Isolated Duties As Directed By The Supervising Dentist.
REF: Chapter One, Conceptual Models | 6
14. Which Of The Following Is Not A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher?
a. Clinical Practice
b. Research Institutions
c. Hospitals
d. Oral Healthcare Industry
9|Page
, e. Public School Programs
ANSWER: C
Clinical Practice. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because
Researchers Are Testing Assumptions From Clinical Practices. Researchers May Go To
The Clinical Practice To Assess The Area Of Study.
Research Institutions. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because This Is A
Place Where Research Is The Prime Goal And Source Of Employment. Researchers Gather
Together Here And Are Able To Collaborate With One Another If Necessary.
Hospitals. This Is Not A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because A Hospital Is Not
Primarily Focused On Oral Healthcare, Rather It Is Focused On The Overall Health Of An
Individual. A Researcher Would Not Have The Information Or Materials Needed To Do Their
Studies.
Oral Healthcare Industry. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because The
Oral Healthcare Industry Is The Field That They Are Studying Or Researching. By Working
Within The Oral Healthcare Industry, The Researchers Can Make Evidence-Based Decisions.
Public School Programs. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because
This Is A Place Where The Researcher Can Transmit Current Concepts Of Health
Promotion And Disease Prevention To Individuals And Groups, And Evaluate The
Educational Outcomes.
REF: Researcher | 3
15. The Three Responsibilities Of The Dental Hygiene Clinician Are:
a. Preventive, Therapeutic, Educational.
b. Manager, Educator, Researcher.
c. Planner, Organization Of Appointments, Billing.
d. Communicator, Planner, Researcher.
ANSWER: A
Preventive, Therapeutic, Educational. This Answer Is Correct Because A Dental Hygiene
Clinician Is Expected To Fulfill These Areas. Preventive Methods Are Created To Promote
Health And Prevent Oral Disease. Therapeutic Methods Are Created To Arrest Or Control
Oral Disease.
Educational Methods Are Created To Reinforce Learning, Evaluate Understanding,
Demonstrate Self-Care Techniques, Determine Ability To Perform Desired Behavior, And
Explain Oral Disease And Health Concepts.
Manager, Educator, Researcher. This Answer Is Incorrect Because These Are Not
Responsibilities; Instead They Are Roles That Can Be Played By Dental Hygienists Based On
The Degree Of Education. Planner, Organization Of Appointments, Billing. This Answer Is
Incorrect Because These Are The Responsibilities Of An Administrator Or Manager.
Communicator, Planner, Researcher. This Answer Is Incorrect Because These
Are The Responsibilities Of A Researcher.
REF: BOX 1-2: Responsibilities Of The Dental Hygiene Clinician | 3
16. What Is An Administrator Or Manager Not Doing When Referring To Dental Hygiene?
a. Planning
b. Staffing
c. Financial Work
d. Directing
ANSWER: C
10 | P a g e
TEST BANK FOR DARBY AND WALSH DENTAL
HYGIENE THEORY AND PRACTICE 5TH EDITION
BY JENNIFER A PIEREN, DENISE M. BOWEN
PRINTED PDF | ORIGINAL DIRECTLY FROM THE PUBLISHER | 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | DOWNLOAD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ORDER
1|Page
, Complete Test bank, All Chapters are included.
Table of Contents
Chapter 01: The Dental Hygiene Profession ......................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 02: Human Needs Theory And Dental Hygiene Care ........................................................................................................16
Chapter 03: Evidence-Based Decision Making ................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 04: Health And Health Promotion ......................................................................................................................................35
Chapter 05: Changing Behaviors......................................................................................................................................................47
Chapter 06: Cultural Competence ....................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter 08: The Dental Hygiene Care Environment ........................................................................................................................61
Chapter 10: Medical Emergencies....................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 11: Ergonomics ...................................................................................................................................................................79
Chapter 12: The Health History .......................................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 13: Vital Signs ....................................................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 14: Pharmacologic History .................................................................................................................................................98
Chapter 15: Extraoral And Intraoral Clinical Assessment..............................................................................................................110
Chapter 16: Dentition Assessment .................................................................................................................................................117
Chapter 17: Oral Hygiene Assessment: Soft And Hard Deposits ..................................................................................................127
Chapter 18: Dental Caries Management By Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................132
Chapter 19: Periodontal And Risk Assessment ..............................................................................................................................137
Chapter 20: Potential Impact Of Periodontal Infections On Overall General Health.....................................................................147
Chapter 21: Dental Hygiene Diagnosis ..........................................................................................................................................159
Chapter 22: Dental Hygiene Care Plan, Evaluation, And Documentation .....................................................................................169
Chapter 23: Toothbrushing .............................................................................................................................................................181
Chapter 24: Mechanical Oral Biofilm Control: Interdental And Supplemental Self-Care Devices ...............................................188
Chapter 25: Dentifrices...................................................................................................................................................................201
Chapter 26: Hand-Activated Instrumentation .................................................................................................................................209
Chapter 27: Ultrasonic Instrumentation..........................................................................................................................................219
Chapter 28: Root Morphology And Instrumentation Implications .................................................................................................227
Chapter 29: Stain Management And Tooth Whitening ..................................................................................................................235
Chapter 30: Decision Making Related To Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy ................................................................................243
Chapter 31: Chemotherapy For The Control Of Periodontal Disease ............................................................................................257
Chapter 32: Acute Gingival And Periodontal Conditions, Lesions Of Endodontic Origin, And Avulsed Teeth...........................265
Chapter 33: Fluorides, Chlorhexidine, Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, And Xylitol ...................................................................268
Chapter 34: Pit And Fissure Sealants .............................................................................................................................................275
Chapter 35: Nutritional Counseling................................................................................................................................................279
Chapter 36: Tobacco Cessation ......................................................................................................................................................288
Chapter 37: Impressions, Study Casts, And Oral Appliances ........................................................................................................297
2|Page
,Chapter 38: Restorative Therapy ....................................................................................................................................................303
Chapter 39: Dentinal Hypersensitivity Management .....................................................................................................................312
Chapter 40: Local Anesthesia.........................................................................................................................................................320
Chapter 41: Nitrous Oxide–Oxygen Analgesia...............................................................................................................................327
Chapter 42: Persons With Disabilities............................................................................................................................................336
Chapter 43: Cardiovascular Disease...............................................................................................................................................344
Chapter 44: Diabetes Mellitus ........................................................................................................................................................354
Chapter 45: Oral Care Of Persons With Cancer.............................................................................................................................363
Chapter 46: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ................................................................................................................373
Chapter 47: Persons With Neurologic And Sensory Deficits.........................................................................................................384
Chapter 49: Renal Disease And Organ Transplantation .................................................................................................................394
Chapter 55: The Older Adult ..........................................................................................................................................................403
Chapter 56: Persons With Fixed And Removable Dental Prostheses ............................................................................................412
Chapter 60: Abuse And Neglect.....................................................................................................................................................422
Chapter 61: Palliative Oral Care.....................................................................................................................................................431
Chapter 62: Practice Management..................................................................................................................................................441
Chapter 63: Career Planning And Job Searching ...........................................................................................................................451
3|Page
, Chapter 01: The Dental Hygiene Profession
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What Is The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene?
a. The Study Of Teeth And Their Supporting Structures
b. Brushing And Flossing One’s Teeth And Rinsing With An Antimicrobial
Mouth Rinse Twice A Day, Morning And Night
c. The Study Of Preventive Oral Healthcare, Including The Management Of
Behavior To Prevent Oral Disease And Promote Health
d. The Study Of Those Procedures That Dental Hygienists Provide To Clients
ANSWER: C
The Study Of Teeth And Their Supporting Structures. This Answer Is Wrong Because The
Discipline Of Dental Hygiene Covers Much More Information Than The Study Of Teeth And
Supporting Structures. Dental Hygiene Focuses on the Preventive Measures That the Teeth
and Supporting Structures Must Receive, In Addition To Other Oral Healthcare Steps That
Must Be Taken To Promote One’s Health.
Brushing And Flossing One’s Teeth and Rinsing with an Antimicrobial Mouth Rinse Twice a
Day, Morning And Night. This Answer Is Wrong Because This Statement Describes Only
One Procedure Within The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene. Dental Hygiene Is A Much Larger
And General Field Of Study Than This Simple Preventive Action.
The Study Of Preventive Oral Healthcare Including The Management Of Behavior To
Prevent Oral Disease And Promote Health. This Answer Is Correct Because This Is The
Direct Definition Of Dental Hygiene. The Definition Can Be Broken Down Into Smaller,
Specified Divisions To Further Develop The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene.
The Study Of Those Procedures That Dental Hygienists Provide To Clients. This Answer Is
Wrong Because Dental Hygienists Play Many Interrelated Roles, Such As Clinician,
Educator, Administrator Or Manager, Advocate, And Researcher. Although Each Of These
Roles Is Created To Assist In Dental Hygiene, The Discipline Is Not Centered On The
Actions And Procedures Of The Dental Hygienist.
REF: What Is Dental Hygiene? | 1
2. Who Is The Professional Dental Hygienist?
a. A Licensed Preventive Oral Health Professional Who Has Graduated
From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Entry Level
Dental Hygiene Program
b. A Licensed Person Who Has Learned On The Job Via A Preceptorship Program,
Such As The Alabama Dental Hygienists Program
c. A Dentist Who Has Graduated From A Commission On
Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Dental School Program
d. A Person Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation,
Accredited, Dental Assisting Program
ANSWER: A
4|Page
, A Licensed Preventive Oral Health Professional Who Has Graduated From A Commission
On Dental Accreditation, Accredited, Entry Level Dental Hygiene Program. This Answer Is
Correct Because To Be Eligible As A Professional Dental Hygienist, The Person Must Have
Graduated From An Accredited Dental Hygiene Program.
A Licensed Person Who Has Learned On The Job Via A Preceptorship Program, Such As
The Alabama Dental Hygienists Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Dental
Hygienist Cannot Learn On The Job To Become A Professional. Rather, They Must Pass
Written Examinations And Graduate From An Accredited Dental Hygiene Program.
A Dentist Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited,
Dental School Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Dentist Has A Higher Degree
Than A Dental Hygienist And Therefore, Generally, Works Above A Dental Hygienist. It
Is Not Necessary For A Dental Hygienist To Receive An Education From A Dental School.
A Person Who Has Graduated From A Commission On Dental Accreditation, Accredited,
Dental Assisting Program. This Answer Is Wrong Because A Person Graduating From An
Accredited Dental Assisting Program Would Only Be Licensed As A Dental Assistant.
REF: Who Is The Dental Hygienist? | 1
3. All Of These Services Are Provided By The Majority Of Dental Hygienists In The Clinical
Setting
Except One. Which One Is The Exception?
a. Perform Periodontal Maintenance Care.
b. Implement Interventions To Direct A Person Back To Oral Wellness.
c. Provide Fluoride Varnish Treatment.
d. Place And Remove Restorations.
ANSWER: D
Perform Periodontal Maintenance Care. This Is A Service Provided In The Clinical Setting.
The Clinical Setting Allows For Application Of Preventive And Therapeutic Agents Related
To Periodontal Disease. For Example: Subgingival Sustained-Release Delivery Systems
Containing Chlorhexidine.
Implement Interventions To Direct A Person Back To Oral Wellness. This Is A Service
Provided In The Clinical Setting. The Main Goal Of A Dental Hygienist Is To Prevent Oral
Disease And Promote Health. Therefore, If The State Of An Individual’s Oral Health
Changes, The Dental Hygienist (Within The Scope Of The Clinical Setting) Can Provide
Some Degree Of Intervention To Direct The Individual Back To Oral Wellness.
Provide Fluoride Varnish Treatment. This Is A Service Provided In The Clinical Setting. The
Clinical Setting Allows For Application Of Preventive And Therapeutic Agents Related To
Dental Caries. Fluoride Varnish Treatments Prolong Fluoride Exposure On The Tooth Surface
For Safe And Effective Caries Control.
Place And Remove Restorations. This Service Is Not Provided By The Majority Of Dental
Hygienists In The Clinical Setting. Only A Few Dental Hygienists Have The Certification To
Place Restorations, While Many Others Do Not. Also, The Removal Of Restorations Is Not A
Given Action Of A Dental Hygienist In The Clinical Setting.
REF: Clinician | 3
4. Which Of The Following Is A Key Behavior Within The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care?
a. Observation
b. Diagnosis
c. Communication Skills
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, d. Client Care
ANSWER: B
Observation. This Answer Is Wrong Because Dental Hygienists Must Go Further Than Simply
Observing The Client. The Hygienist Must Assess The Client By Thoroughly Collecting Data.
Diagnosis. This Answer Is Correct Because Identifying The Diagnosis Is The Focal Point For
Establishing Goals In The Dental Hygiene Care Plan. The Client’s Dental Hygiene Needs Are
Determined So That Specific Interventions Can Be Implemented.
Communication Skills. This Answer Is Wrong Because The Communication Skills Are Not A
Key Behavior And Are Not Necessary To Complete The Dental Hygiene Process.
Client Care. This Answer Is Wrong Because Client Care Is Not One Of The Steps In Dental
Hygiene Care. However, Proper Client Care Is The Goal Being Achieved Through The Key
Behaviors.
REF: What Is The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care? | 1
5. Which Of The Following Is Not An Environmental Factor That The Dental Hygienist
Takes Into Account In The Human Needs Model?
a. Age
b. Attitudes
c. Lifestyles
d. Weight
ANSWER: D
Age. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account Because
Age Plays A Large Role In The Development Of An Individual’s Oral Health.
Attitudes. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because It Can Have An Effect On The Dental Hygiene Process.
Lifestyles. This Answer Is An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because An Individual’s Oral Health Can Be Affected By Lifestyle Choices.
Weight. This Answer Is Not An Environmental Factor That Must Be Taken Into Account
Because An Individual’s Weight Does Not Affect Their Oral Health. The Diet Choices That
Go Along With A Person’s Particular Weight May Affect Oral Health, But The Overall
Weight Of An Individual Does Not.
REF: What Is The Dental Hygiene Process Of Care? | 1
6. Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Seven Roles Of A Dental Hygienist?
a. Clinician
b. Public Health
c. Interpreter
d. Researcher
ANSWER: C
The Seven Roles Of A Dental Hygienist Are Clinician, Public Health,
Researcher, Educator, Administrator, And Entrepreneur.
REF: Chapter One, Table 1-1 Seven Roles Of The Dental Hygienist | 4
7. What Is A Paradigm?
a. A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The
Knowledge Of Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers
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, b. Decision-Making Skills That Are Used Worldwide
c. A School Of Thought Within A Discipline
d. A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Direction And
Methods Of Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers
ANSWER: D
A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Knowledge Of Its
Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers. This Answer Is Incorrect Because
A Paradigm Does Not Shape The Knowledge But Shapes The Direction And Methods Of
Practitioners, Etc.
Decision-Making Skills That Are Used Worldwide. This Answer Is Incorrect Because A
Paradigm Does Not Focus On Decision-Making Skills That Are Accepted Worldwide.
A School Of Thought Within A Discipline. This Answer Is Incorrect Because It Is The
Definition Of A Conceptual Model.
A Widely Accepted Worldview Of A Discipline That Shapes The Direction And Methods Of
Its Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers. This Answer Is Correct
Because Practitioners, Educators, Administrators, And Researchers All Accept This Paradigm
Or Worldview Of Discipline In Major Concepts Selected For Study And Statements About
Major Statements That Define Them In A Global Matter.
REF: Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm | 5
8. Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Four Major Concepts Of Paradigm For
The Dental Hygiene Discipline?
a. Client
b. Health And Oral Health
c. Environment
d. Nutrition
ANSWER: D
Client. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because The Client Is The Recipient Of
Dental Hygiene Care.
Health And Oral Health. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because The Discipline
Of Dental Hygiene Exists To Promote Oral Health, Which Influences Overall Health.
Environment. This Answer Is A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because Factors Other Than
Dental Hygiene Actions Affect The Client’s Attainment Of Optimal Oral Health.
Nutrition. This Answer Is Not A Major Concept Of Paradigm Because Nutrition Does Not
Identify The Phenomena Central To The Discipline Of Dental Hygiene In An Abstract Global
Manner.
REF: BOX 1-3: Four Major Concepts Of The Dental Hygiene Paradigm | 6
9. The Importance Of A Conceptual Model Is To Provide Philosophic And Practical
Perspectives About Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Concepts. Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Is
Operationalized Via The Human Needs Conceptual Model.
a. Both Statements Are True.
b. The First Statement Is True, And The Second Statement Is False.
c. The First Statement Is False, And The Second Statement Is True.
d. Both Statements Are False.
ANSWER: A
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, Both Statements Are True. Conceptual Models Do Provide Philosophic And Practical
Perspectives About Dental Hygiene’s Paradigm Concepts; However, The Models Can
Explain Dental Hygiene From Different Perspectives As Well. Also, The Human Needs
Conceptual Model Defines The Paradigm Concepts.
The First Statement Is True; The Second Statement Is False. Both Statements Are
True. The First Statement Is False; The Second Statement Is True. Both
Statements Are True. Both Statements Are False. Both Statements Are True.
REF: Conceptual Models | 6
10. What Occurs When Individuals With Differing Strengths And Areas Of Expertise Work
Together As Equal Partners To Achieve Better Outcomes Than Each Would Achieve
Working Alone?
a. Implementation
b. Collaboration
c. Determination
d. Concentration
ANSWER: B
Implementation. This Answer Is Incorrect Because By Definition Implementation Is The Act Of
Putting Something Into Effect. Implementing Something Can Be Done Individually.
Collaboration. This Answer Is Correct And Is Demonstrated In The Collaborative Practice
Model, Which Assumes That Dentists And Dental Hygienists Work Together As
Colleagues. Determination. This Answer Is Incorrect Because Determination Does Not
Require Partners Of Differing Strengths. Determination Can Be Achieved Individually By
Staying Focused On The Task At Hand.
Concentration. This Answer Is Incorrect Because Concentration Is Just Maintaining A Strong
Focus On The Task At Hand. Collaboration Can Be Done More Efficiently If The Partners
Are Concentrated But Is Not Required.
REF: Collaborative Practice Model | 6
11. What Is The Collaborative Practice Conceptual Model?
a. Dentist And Dental Hygienist Work Together As Colleagues, Each Offering
Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare
To The Public
b. Model Describing The Best Methods Of Dentist And Dental Hygienist To
Work As A Team
c. Model Showing How Collaboration Produces Better Work
d. Dental Hygienists And Other Healthcare Professionals Work Together As
Colleagues, Each Offering Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing
Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public
ANSWER: A
Dentist And Dental Hygienists Work Together As Colleagues, Each Offering Professional
Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public.
Model Describing The Best Methods Of Dentist And Dental Hygienist To Work As A Team.
This Answer Is Incorrect Because The Focus And Main Goal Of The Model Is To Provide
Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public, Not To Learn To Work As A Team.
Model Showing How Collaboration Produces Better Work. This Answer Is Incorrect Because
The Model Focuses On Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public. Collaboration
Between A Dentist And Dental Hygienist Is Just An Assisting Factor To Reach Optimum Oral
Healthcare.
8|Page
, Dental Hygienists And Other Healthcare Professionals Work Together As Colleagues, Each
Offering Professional Expertise For The Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The
Public. This Answer Is Incorrect Because The Collaboration Must Be Between A Dentist And
A Dental Hygienist. This Plays A Key Role In Establishing A Co-Therapist Relationship
Within The Collaborative Practice Conceptual Model.
REF: Collaborative Practice Model | 6-7
12. Which Is Not One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist?
a. Educator
b. Manager
c. Researcher
d. Clients
ANSWER: D
Educator. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist. An
Educator Explains Concepts Regarding Oral Health And Disease, And Their Relationship To
General Health; Demonstrates Oral Self-Care Procedures; Determines Client Understanding;
Motivates Behavior Change; Reinforces Learning Or Desired Behavior; And Evaluates The
Client’s Progress In Learning.
Manager. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental
Hygienist. A Manager’s Position Is To Guide And Direct The Work Of Others. They
Do This By Planning, Making Decisions, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, And
Controlling.
Researcher. This Is One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist. A
Researcher Tests The Assumptions Of Clinical Practice.
Clients. This Is Not One Of The Five Interrelated Roles Of A Professional Dental Hygienist.
The Client Is The Individual Receiving Oral Healthcare From The Dental Hygienist.
REF: Roles | 2-5
13. According To The Occupational Model, The Dental Hygienist:
a. Uses A Process Of Care To Assess Needs, Diagnose Dental Hygiene
Problems, And Plan, Implement, Evaluate, And Document Dental Hygiene
Care.
b. Works Together With The Dentist, Each Offering Professional Expertise For The
Goal Of Providing Optimum Oral Healthcare To The Public.
c. Is A Dental Auxiliary Who Implements Treatment Plans And Carries Out Isolated
Duties As Directed By The Supervising Dentist.
d. Explains Dental Hygiene From Different Perspectives.
ANSWER: C
The Occupational Model5 Presents The Concept Of Dental Hygiene Actions As Technically
Based. According To This Model The Dental Hygienist Is A Dental Auxiliary Who Implements
Treatment Plans And Carries Out Isolated Duties As Directed By The Supervising Dentist.
REF: Chapter One, Conceptual Models | 6
14. Which Of The Following Is Not A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher?
a. Clinical Practice
b. Research Institutions
c. Hospitals
d. Oral Healthcare Industry
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, e. Public School Programs
ANSWER: C
Clinical Practice. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because
Researchers Are Testing Assumptions From Clinical Practices. Researchers May Go To
The Clinical Practice To Assess The Area Of Study.
Research Institutions. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because This Is A
Place Where Research Is The Prime Goal And Source Of Employment. Researchers Gather
Together Here And Are Able To Collaborate With One Another If Necessary.
Hospitals. This Is Not A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because A Hospital Is Not
Primarily Focused On Oral Healthcare, Rather It Is Focused On The Overall Health Of An
Individual. A Researcher Would Not Have The Information Or Materials Needed To Do Their
Studies.
Oral Healthcare Industry. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because The
Oral Healthcare Industry Is The Field That They Are Studying Or Researching. By Working
Within The Oral Healthcare Industry, The Researchers Can Make Evidence-Based Decisions.
Public School Programs. This Is A Setting For A Dental Hygiene Researcher Because
This Is A Place Where The Researcher Can Transmit Current Concepts Of Health
Promotion And Disease Prevention To Individuals And Groups, And Evaluate The
Educational Outcomes.
REF: Researcher | 3
15. The Three Responsibilities Of The Dental Hygiene Clinician Are:
a. Preventive, Therapeutic, Educational.
b. Manager, Educator, Researcher.
c. Planner, Organization Of Appointments, Billing.
d. Communicator, Planner, Researcher.
ANSWER: A
Preventive, Therapeutic, Educational. This Answer Is Correct Because A Dental Hygiene
Clinician Is Expected To Fulfill These Areas. Preventive Methods Are Created To Promote
Health And Prevent Oral Disease. Therapeutic Methods Are Created To Arrest Or Control
Oral Disease.
Educational Methods Are Created To Reinforce Learning, Evaluate Understanding,
Demonstrate Self-Care Techniques, Determine Ability To Perform Desired Behavior, And
Explain Oral Disease And Health Concepts.
Manager, Educator, Researcher. This Answer Is Incorrect Because These Are Not
Responsibilities; Instead They Are Roles That Can Be Played By Dental Hygienists Based On
The Degree Of Education. Planner, Organization Of Appointments, Billing. This Answer Is
Incorrect Because These Are The Responsibilities Of An Administrator Or Manager.
Communicator, Planner, Researcher. This Answer Is Incorrect Because These
Are The Responsibilities Of A Researcher.
REF: BOX 1-2: Responsibilities Of The Dental Hygiene Clinician | 3
16. What Is An Administrator Or Manager Not Doing When Referring To Dental Hygiene?
a. Planning
b. Staffing
c. Financial Work
d. Directing
ANSWER: C
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