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Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded z z z z z z
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of z z z
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Measurement: Nominal, Or
dinal, Interval, and Ratio z
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1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rati
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onale for your answer. z z z
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorieswe
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re probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs thesubjec
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ts were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more tha
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n one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measu
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red at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considere
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d more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryo
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ur answer. z
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for thissa
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mple.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?Di
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scuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in r
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atio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
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level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,20
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17; Knapp, 2017). z z
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:W
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hat category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000
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b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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,e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rul
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es outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
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ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
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AG 1-1
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, AG 1-2
z Answerz Guidelinesz forz Questionsz toz Bez Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
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ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
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(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto greater
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than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
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zsalary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.
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, 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
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item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated thei
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r symp-
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ztoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symp
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
toms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
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item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2
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017).
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forth
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e cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z z z z z z z z z z z
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor st
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
udy participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
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level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray
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zet al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
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this result. z
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
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NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects we
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re depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
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zjects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, card
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
iac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
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zdepression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
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NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
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antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percen z z z z z z z z z z z z
t (%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 pati
z z zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz z z
ents who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treat
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ed for depression was 91 (106 –
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z15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
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zsample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100
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% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
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question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 10
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0% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6- z z z z z z
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- z z z z z z z
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
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state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a c
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ardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could be used t
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o determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
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z z z z
ve z
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded z z z z z z
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of z z z
z
Measurement: Nominal, Or
dinal, Interval, and Ratio z
z
z z
z
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
z z z z z z z
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rati
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
onale for your answer. z z z
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorieswe
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
re probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs thesubjec
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
ts were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more tha
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
n one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measu
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
red at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considere
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
d more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryo
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
ur answer. z
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for thissa
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
mple.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?Di
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
scuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
z z z z z z z z
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in r
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
atio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,20
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
17; Knapp, 2017). z z
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:W
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
hat category identifies your current income as an RN?
z z z z z z z z
a. Less than $50,000
z z z
b. $50,000 to 59,999
z z z
c. $60,000 to 69,999
z z z
d. $70,000 to 80,000
z z z
,e. $80,000 or greater
z z z
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rul
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
es outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z z z z z z z z z z
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
AG 1-1
z
, AG 1-2
z Answerz Guidelinesz forz Questionsz toz Bez Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto greater
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than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
zsalary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
, 2017).
z
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated thei
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
r symp-
z
ztoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symp
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
toms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
z z z z z z z z z z
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
017).
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forth
z z z z z z z z z z z z z
e cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z z z z z z z z z z z
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor st
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
udy participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
z z z z z z z z
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
zet al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
z z z z z z
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
this result. z
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects we
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
re depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
zjects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, card
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
iac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
zdepression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
z z z z z z z z z z
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percen z z z z z z z z z z z z
t (%).
z
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 pati
z z zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz z z
ents who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treat
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ed for depression was 91 (106 –
z z z z z z
z15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
zsample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
z z z z z zz z z z z z z z z z z z z z
question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 10
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0% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
z z z z z z z z z z z
9. What was the purpose of the 6- z z z z z z
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
z z z z z z z z z z z
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- z z z z z z z
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
z z z z z z z z z z
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a c
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
ardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could be used t
z z z z z z zz zz zz zz z z z z z
o determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
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