Overview of Plants - lesson 1
Vascular plant systems
The plant body consists of the shoot system and the root system
Shoot system
- Photosynthesis
- Reproduction
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Root system
- Anchorage
- Absorption
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Types of plant cells
Parenchyma cells
● Flexible
● Thin walls
● Many functions such as storage or photosynthesis
● Most of the cells in the plant
Collenchyma
● Often elongated in long strands or cylindrical
● Provides support to surrounding cells
● Evenly thickened walls
Sclerenchyma
● Have very thick cell walls with lignin for strength
● Often die when mature
● Hove no cytoplasm or other cell organelles
● Provide support for mature plants
,Types of plant tissues
Meristematic tissues
● Occurs in areas of growth and rapid cell division
Dermal tissue
● Forms the outer covering of the plant
● For protection
● Includes specialized cells stomata and root hairs
Ground Tissue
● Forms most of the plant
● Wide range of functions, including
photosynthesis, storage, support
Vascular tissues
● Transportation system that moves water, minerals, and other chemicals around the plant
2 kinds of vascular tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem
● Both xylem and phloem are continuous from roots to stems to leaves. They appear as
groupings or bundles.
Xylem
● Made up of elongated cells
● Transports water and dissolved minerals
upward from roots
● Mature cells are no longer alive
, ● Have no cytoplasm, nucleus or other organelles
Phloem
● Made up of elongated cells
● Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant for energy storage
● Two way flow
● Mature cells are alive
Plants - lesson 2
Plant organs and their functions
Roots
Function:
- absorb water and minerals (root hairs increase absorption
due to increased surface area)
- store starch
Visible cross-section patterns:
- Monocots have a fibrous root and the xylem and phloem
alternate in a ring or circle
- Dicots have a tap root and the xylem and phloem appear
in a star shape.
Structure of a root
The end of the root absorbs minerals and water is the root tip. The root tip is protected by
several layers of cells called the root cap. In the region of differentiation, cells mature and
become specialized in function. Some cells in the outer layer develop root hair. These root
hairs are elongated cells that increase the surface area of the root to maximize the absorption of
water and minerals of the soil. The cortex and vascular cylinder are separated by the
pericycle. In the vascular cylinder, the xylem and the phloem are separated by the cambium.
Stems
, Functions:
1. transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves (xylem)
2. transport of food from leaves to roots (phloem)
3. food storage
Visible cross-section patterns:
- Monocots are mostly herbaceous (green) stems and the
vascular bundles are scattered throughout. Dots around the stems
- Dicot stems can be herbaceous or woody. Vascular bundles
form a ring. Looks like pizza slices in a circle
Leaves
Functions:
- gas exchange
- production of carbohydrate (photosynthesis)
Visible Patterns:
- Monocots have parallel veins (vascular bundles).
- Dicots have netted veins.
.
Transport in plants
Transport of water (xylem)
- The movement of water and dissolved minerals is from root to leaf.
- To minimize energy, water is transported passively. Remember that it is pulled
upwards against gravity.
- Remember that fluids naturally flow from high concentration to low
Vascular plant systems
The plant body consists of the shoot system and the root system
Shoot system
- Photosynthesis
- Reproduction
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Root system
- Anchorage
- Absorption
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Types of plant cells
Parenchyma cells
● Flexible
● Thin walls
● Many functions such as storage or photosynthesis
● Most of the cells in the plant
Collenchyma
● Often elongated in long strands or cylindrical
● Provides support to surrounding cells
● Evenly thickened walls
Sclerenchyma
● Have very thick cell walls with lignin for strength
● Often die when mature
● Hove no cytoplasm or other cell organelles
● Provide support for mature plants
,Types of plant tissues
Meristematic tissues
● Occurs in areas of growth and rapid cell division
Dermal tissue
● Forms the outer covering of the plant
● For protection
● Includes specialized cells stomata and root hairs
Ground Tissue
● Forms most of the plant
● Wide range of functions, including
photosynthesis, storage, support
Vascular tissues
● Transportation system that moves water, minerals, and other chemicals around the plant
2 kinds of vascular tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem
● Both xylem and phloem are continuous from roots to stems to leaves. They appear as
groupings or bundles.
Xylem
● Made up of elongated cells
● Transports water and dissolved minerals
upward from roots
● Mature cells are no longer alive
, ● Have no cytoplasm, nucleus or other organelles
Phloem
● Made up of elongated cells
● Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant for energy storage
● Two way flow
● Mature cells are alive
Plants - lesson 2
Plant organs and their functions
Roots
Function:
- absorb water and minerals (root hairs increase absorption
due to increased surface area)
- store starch
Visible cross-section patterns:
- Monocots have a fibrous root and the xylem and phloem
alternate in a ring or circle
- Dicots have a tap root and the xylem and phloem appear
in a star shape.
Structure of a root
The end of the root absorbs minerals and water is the root tip. The root tip is protected by
several layers of cells called the root cap. In the region of differentiation, cells mature and
become specialized in function. Some cells in the outer layer develop root hair. These root
hairs are elongated cells that increase the surface area of the root to maximize the absorption of
water and minerals of the soil. The cortex and vascular cylinder are separated by the
pericycle. In the vascular cylinder, the xylem and the phloem are separated by the cambium.
Stems
, Functions:
1. transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves (xylem)
2. transport of food from leaves to roots (phloem)
3. food storage
Visible cross-section patterns:
- Monocots are mostly herbaceous (green) stems and the
vascular bundles are scattered throughout. Dots around the stems
- Dicot stems can be herbaceous or woody. Vascular bundles
form a ring. Looks like pizza slices in a circle
Leaves
Functions:
- gas exchange
- production of carbohydrate (photosynthesis)
Visible Patterns:
- Monocots have parallel veins (vascular bundles).
- Dicots have netted veins.
.
Transport in plants
Transport of water (xylem)
- The movement of water and dissolved minerals is from root to leaf.
- To minimize energy, water is transported passively. Remember that it is pulled
upwards against gravity.
- Remember that fluids naturally flow from high concentration to low
