Summary Stage 2 SACE biology notes TOPIC:DNA

nucleotide nitrogenous bases
Phosphate (form weak
DNA Replication -
> hydrogen bonds)
& ↳ cytosine =↳ Guanine
Backbone Base ↳ Adenine ↳
↳
=
Chromosome Thymine
I or uracil
Sugar -
> Yonly
in RNA



( mere
DNA



& >
↳

-
RiboseNA) #
car-garage
Apple-Free
-




Pere si
a



chromatin Histone Double helix structure
(Identical DNA) z
wraps around histone
to form a chromosome

Gene
A Parent strand is 5 DNA ↳codes for
Specific
unwinded or unzipped
= 12 NA
Proteins
using heicase


able


3M
3
&
A Primase starts gl

replication by DNA VS RNA
placing
a short piece of 12NA =
on



↳ free
the 3 end of strand


nucleotides bond DNA
min
in a order ↳ ↳ Ribose
complementary unzip Deoxyribose

using
Polymerase ↳ A = TC = G ↳ A = UG = C

↳ within nucleus
) ↳ nucleus +

fM
-


skazaki
Polymerase Joins fragment
- Ribosomes B
- -



the and
sugar phosphate - cytoplasm

groups to create two
-

↳ only comes ↳ mRNA + RNA
, ,



Identical strands US BNA rI2NA , miRNA
daughter
↳ ↳ stores and transmits information
ligase
-
acts as give

to bind the of the sI ↳ Directs cell processes
gaps 3 Free nucleotides
Okazaki semi Conservative ↳ per menent ↳
together Te m p o r a r y
*
·



A two strands are m DNA In
Eukaryotic Cells
⑭
us
created each with prokaryotic cell,
·


a conserved and
u G Di
·
mus
new strand Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
l ↳ Double stranded
helix ↳ Doble stranded helix
a

nucleo a
*
m
↳
Within ↳ Within nucleus


⑳ =
single circular multiple linear
Y
M
ad Strand
newstrand - ↳
may have
↳ Also within Chloroplast
old Strand and
Plasmids mitochondred

, Transcriptioninside nucleus -




Protein f A
copy of the
coding
Synthesis DDNADable helix strand is
created by
a MINA Strand


Protein function eunzippin merase
& DNA Double helix closes
↳
Enzyme- Catalyst
↳ Antibodies immune defence
B
-




↳ Tr a n s p o r t -
assist movement
J
&
carrior
accross cell membrane




S
↳ Hormones -
creates cell Affect




-mini
·
Protein Structure

Primary
sequence




·
*




Secondary structure
Structure
of Amino




Hydrogen bonds between
g
Acids -




Polypeptide
chain




Amino Acids
d mRNA
into
Strand
introns (non
is broken

coding)
S
-
mRNA




Te m p l a t e


(2) B exons
(coding) introns
d -




⑳
Beta pleeted

M she is
exons are bonded




3D
Te r t i a r y
Shape
Structure
formed
Interactions between amino acids
due to
secondary
± translation
back



-
together


outside nucleus
g - mature MRNA




A MINA leaves nucleus

Idisulfide)
D vior Channel -
into




& Chydrogen) -±
MRNA
= ±
Ribosome
the cytoplasm


g mRNA travels to
the ribosome ↳
structure
Quaternary
bonded


&
Two or more
polypeptide chains

together-creates unique shape
afunction of protein
l MRNA is fed through Premiu
the ribosome


l
· D
18 ltrend Anticodon)
-


⑩ When fed
through M mRNA
Notes :
a FINA
the codon
is bonded (condon)
to




⑪ each
a

that
train
amino acid
polypeptide
-




codes for a
createin
chain

specific
ticodon ⑰ +RNA

rebond
acid
is




for
moved and
to another amino
reuse
can




Protein




⑪
Polypeptide
freeO * d
chain
T
See
⑰
· a



*
.....
-
I
MRNA
I

Stop


⑬ This process continues
Cuaa vaG Uga)
⑬ w *
Ribosome
until stop signal is found