Solution Manual for uo uo
Statistics for Nursing R uo uo uo
esearch A Workbookfo
uo uo o
u
r Evidence-
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Based Practice 3rd Edit
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ion Susan Grove Daish
uo uo uo
a
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded uo uo uo uo uo uo
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o u o u o
o
u
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
ou
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio u o
uo
u o u o
uo
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provid
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
e a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug catego
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of dr
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The cur
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
uo uo uo uo uo
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ale foryour answer.
uo u
o uo
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u
o for thissample. u o uo
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sa
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
mple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ulted in ratio- uo uo
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
uolevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017). uo uo uo
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
a. Less than $50,000
u o uo uo
b. $50,000 to 59,999
u o uo uo
c. $60,000 to 69,999
u o uo uo
d. $70,000 to 80,000
u o uo uo
e. $80,000 or greater
u o uo uo
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follo
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
w the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ended
AG 1-1 uo
,AG 1-2
uo Answeru o Guidelinesu o foru o Questionsu o tou o Beu o Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
o(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ed their symp-
uo uo
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
et al., 2017).
uo uo uo
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
uo uo uo uo u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u
oscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical import
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ance of this result. uo uo uo
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
osub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
whole percent (%).
uo uo uo
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
uo uo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo uouo uouo
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group freque
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u u o u o u o u o u o
ncy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
u o uo u o u o u o uo u o u o u o o
u uo uo uo uo uo uo
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo o
u u o u o u o u o u o u
owhole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of
u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o o
u uo uo uo uo uo
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treate
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
d with an antidepressant.
uo uo uo
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
uo uo uo uo uo uo
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo uouo uouo uouo o
u
uocould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
usof cardiac patients.
uo uo uo
, Answeru o Guidelinesu o foru o Questionsu o tou o Beu o Graded AGuo1-3
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurem
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
entfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your an
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
swer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
omeasuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walki
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ng, climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exer
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
cise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study na
uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
uo uo uo uo
Statistics for Nursing R uo uo uo
esearch A Workbookfo
uo uo o
u
r Evidence-
uo
Based Practice 3rd Edit
uo uo uo
ion Susan Grove Daish
uo uo uo
a
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded uo uo uo uo uo uo
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o u o u o
o
u
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
ou
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio u o
uo
u o u o
uo
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provid
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
e a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug catego
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of dr
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The cur
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
uo uo uo uo uo
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ale foryour answer.
uo u
o uo
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u
o for thissample. u o uo
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sa
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
mple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ulted in ratio- uo uo
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
uolevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017). uo uo uo
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
a. Less than $50,000
u o uo uo
b. $50,000 to 59,999
u o uo uo
c. $60,000 to 69,999
u o uo uo
d. $70,000 to 80,000
u o uo uo
e. $80,000 or greater
u o uo uo
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follo
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
w the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ended
AG 1-1 uo
,AG 1-2
uo Answeru o Guidelinesu o foru o Questionsu o tou o Beu o Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
o(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ed their symp-
uo uo
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
et al., 2017).
uo uo uo
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
uo uo uo uo u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u
oscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical import
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ance of this result. uo uo uo
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
osub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
whole percent (%).
uo uo uo
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
uo uo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo uouo
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo uouo uouo
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group freque
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u u o u o u o u o u o
ncy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
u o uo u o u o u o uo u o u o u o o
u uo uo uo uo uo uo
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo o
u u o u o u o u o u o u
owhole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of
u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o u o o
u uo uo uo uo uo
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treate
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
d with an antidepressant.
uo uo uo
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
uo uo uo uo uo uo
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uouo uouo uouo uouo o
u
uocould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
usof cardiac patients.
uo uo uo
, Answeru o Guidelinesu o foru o Questionsu o tou o Beu o Graded AGuo1-3
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurem
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
entfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your an
u
o uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
swer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo u
omeasuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walki
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
ng, climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exer
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
cise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-
uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study na
uo uo uo uo uo uo o
u uo uo uo uo uo uo uo uo
rrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
uo uo uo uo
