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Exam (elaborations)

Exam (elaborations) PHIL1301 (PHIL1301)

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This document is a final exam response for an introductory philosophy course (PHIL 1000-B, Winter 2020). It discusses Galen Strawson’s argument against moral responsibility and Peter Singer’s views on our ethical duty to alleviate global poverty, including personal reflections and agreement with both philosophers' positions.

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Uploaded on
May 30, 2025
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Written in
2020/2021
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What does it mean to say that monads are windowless?

In the classic Etymological meaning, a monad is a rational, simple substance that

perceives and is atomic (TeacherOfPhilosophy). A substance that is made up of no pieces. The

monads lack any windows through which they may observe other entities, be influenced by other

factors, or influence other matters successively (TeacherOfPhilosophy). Leibniz states, “It

follows from what has just been said, that the natural changes of the Monad come from an

internal principle, because an external cause can have no influence upon its inner being” (Leibniz

and Arnauld). A monad lacks the ability to seek out other substances, to be influenced by other

substances, or to influence other substances in turn.

There can be no internal motion in a monad since it has no components

(TeacherOfPhilosophy). For example, an individual's brain occupies space. This means that the

human brain has components; thus, it contains all of the many parts (TeacherOfPhilosophy). As a

result, internal brain mobility is possible. Due to the lack of different parts in a monad, there are

no two or more separate portions of the monad that can shift around in respect to each other

(TeacherOfPhilosophy). For example, an external impact might have an effect on the brain and

affect it in some way. A monad has no internal pieces that may be rearranged as a result of an

external force (TeacherOfPhilosophy).

All changes in a monad's perception do not result from some window through which it

may observe the world outside the monad (TeacherOfPhilosophy). According to Leibniz, “The

passing condition which involves and represents a multiplicity in unity, or in the simple

substance, is nothing else than what is called Perception” (Leibniz and Arnauld). The monads are

not impacted by anything outside of themselves, yet their perceptions change. This change is not

influenced by anything outside of themselves; rather, it originates from inside

, 2


(TeacherOfPhilosophy). Perceptions are monadic properties that may be altered. The distribution

of clarity and distinctness over various perceptual levels will be used to assess differences in

points of view.

In addition, some monads, similar to humans, have apperception. Leibniz claims, “This

should be carefully distinguished from Apperception or Consciousness, as well as appear in what

follows” (Leibniz and Arnauld). Humans are higher monads with the ability to perceive and

perceive others (TeacherOfPhilosophy).

Ultimately, these perceptions are qualities of a monad. The monad's property is what it

sees, and a monad's perception changes. Their intrinsic features vary, which is drawn from the

fact that they have no components; hence there appears to be no method to explain how a monad

may be reformed (TeacherOfPhilosophy). As a result, they are windowless.
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