Patho Exam 3
(Chapters 10, 12,
13 TEST BANK)
Questions and
Answers Graded
A+
,What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?
a. Air is forced out of the lungs.
b. Lung volume increases.
c. Intrapulmonic pressure decreases.
d. Intrapleural pressure decreases. - ANSWER a
The respiratory mucosa is continuous through the:
1. upper and lower respiratory tracts.
2. nasal cavities and the sinuses.
3. nasopharynx and oropharynx.
4. middle ear cavity and auditory tube.
a. 1 only
b. 1, 2
c. 2, 3
d. 1, 3, 4
e. 1, 2, 3, 4 - ANSWER e
Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
a. Quiet inspiration
b. Forced inspiration
c. Quiet expiration
d. Forced expiration - ANSWER c
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is termed
the:
a. expiratory reserve volume.
b. inspiratory reserve volume.
c. total lung capacity.
d. vital capacity. - ANSWER d
Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery?
a. PCO2 is low.
b. PO2 is low.
c. Hydrostatic pressure is very high.
d. It is flowing into the left atrium. - ANSWER b
Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
a. Epinephrine
b. Histamine
,c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Drugs that block 2-adrenergic receptors - ANSWER a
The central chemoreceptors in the medulla are normally most sensitive to:
a. low oxygen level.
b. low concentration of hydrogen ions.
c. elevated oxygen level.
d. elevated carbon dioxide level. - ANSWER d
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood because:
a. PO2 is higher in the blood.
b. PO2 is lower in the blood.
c. CO2 is diffusing out of the blood.
d. more CO2 is diffusing out of cells into the blood. - ANSWER b
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood:
a. as dissolved gas.
b. attached to the iron molecule in hemoglobin.
c. as bicarbonate ion.
d. as carbonic acid. - ANSWER c
What would hypercapnia cause?
a. Increased serum pH
b. Decreased respirations
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Decreased carbonic acid in the blood - ANSWER c
Which of the following would result from hyperventilation?
a. Respiratory acidosis
b. Respiratory alkalosis
c. Metabolic alkalosis
d. Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER b
Which of the following values is always decreased with respiratory alkalosis
(compensated or decompensated)?
a. Serum bicarbonate
b. PaCO2
c. Serum pH
d. Urine pH - ANSWER b (Decompensation occurs when compensatory mechanisms
cannot maintain a normal pH range.)
,What would be the most effective compensation for respiratory acidosis?
a. The kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
b. The kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
c. The kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
d. An increase in respiratory rate - ANSWER b
What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood
gases?
Serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28)
PCO2 75 mm Hg (normal range: 35-45)
Serum pH 7.0
a. Compensated metabolic acidosis
b. Decompensated metabolic acidosis
c. Compensated respiratory acidosis
d. Decompensated respiratory acidosis - ANSWER d
(Decompensation occurs when compensatory mechanisms cannot maintain a normal
pH range.)
(Compensatory Mechanisms: When a pathologic condition exists, the pH balance
moves outside of the normal range and the lungs or kidneys compensate.
Compensation is a short-term solution. The goal is to resolve the underlying cause of
the imbalance.)
What does carbaminohemoglobin refer to?
a. Replacement of oxygen by carbon monoxide on hemoglobin molecules
b. Full saturation of all heme molecules by oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide attached to an amino group on the hemoglobin molecule
d. Oxygen combined with iron in the hemoglobin molecule - ANSWER c
Approximately what percentage of bound oxygen is released to the cells for metabolism
during an erythrocyte's journey through the circulatory system?
a. 80%
b. 25%
c. 10%
d. 50% - ANSWER b
The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
a. bacterial infection.
,b. cancer tumor.
c. damage of lung tissue due to smoking.
d. emphysema. - ANSWER a
What does the term hemoptysis refer to?
a. Thick, dark red sputum associated with pneumococcal infection
b. Reddish-brown granular blood found in vomitus
c. Bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum
d. Bloody exudate in the pleural cavity - ANSWER c
Orthopnea is:
a. very deep, rapid respirations.
b. difficulty breathing when lying down.
c. waking up suddenly, coughing, and struggling for breath.
d. noisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi. - ANSWER b
Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:
a. rhonchi.
b. stridor.
c. rales.
d. wheezing. - ANSWER c
Choose the correct information applying to laryngotracheobronchitis:
a. Viral infection in infant under 12 months
b. Viral infection in child, 3 months to 3 years
c. Bacterial infection in infant under 6 months
d. Bacterial infection in child, 3 to 7 years - ANSWER b
Signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis usually include:
a. serous nasal discharge and chronic cough.
b. copious frothy sputum and dyspnea.
c. severe localized pain in the facial bone and tenderness in the face.
d. fetid breath and sore throat. - ANSWER c
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
a. Purulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain
b. Serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing
c. Copious purulent sputum, particularly in the morning
d. Harsh barking cough and wheezing - ANSWER b
,Why qdoes qthe qinfluenza qvirus qcause qrecurrent qinfection qin qindividuals?
a. Elderly qpatients qare qpredisposed qto qsecondary qinfections.
b. The qvirus qis qtransmitted qby qnumerous qroutes.
c. The qvirus qis qvery qdifficult qto qdestroy.
d. Viral qmutation qreduces qimmunity qfrom qprior qinfections. q- qANSWER qd
What qare qtypical qsigns qand qsymptoms qof qepiglottitis?
a. Hyperinflation qof qthe qchest qand qstridor
b. Hoarse qvoice qand qbarking qcough
c. Sudden qfever, qsore qthroat, qand qdrooling qsaliva
d. Sneezing, qmild qcough, qand qfever q- qANSWER qc
What qis qthe qmost qcommon qcause qof qviral qpneumonia?
a. Rhinovirus
b. Influenza qvirus
c. Haemophilus qinfluenzae
d. Pneumococcus q- qANSWER qb
Which qof qthe qfollowing qdescribes qlobar qpneumonia?
a. Sudden qonset qof qfever qand qchills, qwith qrales qand qrusty qsputum
b. Insidious qonset, qdiffuse qinterstitial qinfection
c. Viral qinfection qcausing qnonproductive qcough qand qpleuritic qpain
d. Opportunistic qbacteria qcausing qlow-grade qfever qwith qcough qand qthick qgreenish qsputum
- qANSWER qa
How qdoes qsevere qhypoxia qdevelop qwith qpneumonia?
a. Acidosis qdepresses qrespirations.
b. Oxygen qdiffusion qis qimpaired qby qthe qcongestion.
c. Inflammatory qexudate qabsorbs qoxygen qfrom qthe qalveolar qair.
d. Infection qreduces qeffective qcompensation qby qthe qheart. q- qANSWER qb
Rust-colored qsputum qin qa qpatient qwith qpneumonia qusually qindicates:
a. secondary qhemorrhage qin qthe qlungs.
b. Streptococcus qpneumoniae qis qthe qinfecting qagent.
c. prolonged qstasis qof qmucous qsecretions qin qthe qairways.
d. persistent qcoughing qhas qdamaged qthe qmucosa qin qthe qbronchi. q- qANSWER qb
What qis qthe qcause qof qLegionnaires' qdisease?
a. Mycoplasma
, b. A qfungus
c. A qgram-negative qbacterium
d. Pneumococcus q- qANSWER qc
Select qthe qstatement qrelated qto qtuberculosis:
a. The qmicrobe qis qpresent qin qthe qsputum qof qall qpatients qwith qa qpositive qTB qskin qtest.
b. The qinfection qis qtransmitted qprimarily qby qblood qfrom qan qinfected qperson.
c. TB qis qusually qcaused qby qan qacid-fast qbacillus, qresistant qto qmany qdisinfectants.
d. The qmicrobe qis qquickly qdestroyed qby qthe qimmune qresponse. q- qANSWER qc
How qis qprimary qtuberculosis qidentified?
a. Cavitation qin qthe qlungs qand qspread qof qthe qmicrobe qto qother qorgans
b. Persistent qproductive qcough, qlow-grade qfever, qand qfatigue
c. Caseation qnecrosis qand qformation qof qa qtubercle qin qthe qlungs
d. Multiple qgranulomas qin qthe qlungs qand qrapid qspread qof qthe qmicrobe q- qANSWER qc
When qdoes qactive q(secondary) qinfection qby qMycobacterium qtuberculosis qwith
qtissue qdestruction qoccur?
a. When qhost qresistance qis qdecreased
b. When qa qhypersensitivity qreaction qis qinitiated
c. When qthe qBCG qvaccine qis qnot qadministered qimmediately qfollowing
qexposure qto qthe qmicrobe
d. When qGhon qcomplexes qform qin qthe qlungs q- qANSWER qa
Which qof qthe qfollowing qstatements qdoes qNOT qapply qto qM. qtuberculosis?
a. Microbes qcan qsurvive qfor qa qlong qtime qinside qtubercles.
b. The qbacilli qcan qsurvive qsome qadverse qconditions qsuch qas qdrying qand qheat.
c. Infection qis qlimited qto qthe qlungs.
d. The qbacilli qcan qbe qdestroyed qby qantibacterial qdrugs. q- qANSWER qc
Which qof qthe qfollowing qconfirms qthe qpresence qof qactive q(reinfection) qtuberculosis?
a. A qpositive qskin qtest qfor qTB
b. A qcalcified qtubercle qshown qon qa qchest qX-ray
c. Identification qof qacid-fast qbacilli qin qa qsputum qsample
d. A qhistory qof qexposure qto qindividuals qbeing qtreated qfor qTB q- qANSWER qc
Areas qin qthe qUnited qStates qthat qshow qhigher qrates qthan qthe qnational qrate qof
qTB qare qareas qthat qhave qa qhigh qincidence qof:
a. HIV qand qhomelessness.
b. obesity qand qtobacco quse.
(Chapters 10, 12,
13 TEST BANK)
Questions and
Answers Graded
A+
,What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?
a. Air is forced out of the lungs.
b. Lung volume increases.
c. Intrapulmonic pressure decreases.
d. Intrapleural pressure decreases. - ANSWER a
The respiratory mucosa is continuous through the:
1. upper and lower respiratory tracts.
2. nasal cavities and the sinuses.
3. nasopharynx and oropharynx.
4. middle ear cavity and auditory tube.
a. 1 only
b. 1, 2
c. 2, 3
d. 1, 3, 4
e. 1, 2, 3, 4 - ANSWER e
Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
a. Quiet inspiration
b. Forced inspiration
c. Quiet expiration
d. Forced expiration - ANSWER c
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is termed
the:
a. expiratory reserve volume.
b. inspiratory reserve volume.
c. total lung capacity.
d. vital capacity. - ANSWER d
Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery?
a. PCO2 is low.
b. PO2 is low.
c. Hydrostatic pressure is very high.
d. It is flowing into the left atrium. - ANSWER b
Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
a. Epinephrine
b. Histamine
,c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Drugs that block 2-adrenergic receptors - ANSWER a
The central chemoreceptors in the medulla are normally most sensitive to:
a. low oxygen level.
b. low concentration of hydrogen ions.
c. elevated oxygen level.
d. elevated carbon dioxide level. - ANSWER d
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood because:
a. PO2 is higher in the blood.
b. PO2 is lower in the blood.
c. CO2 is diffusing out of the blood.
d. more CO2 is diffusing out of cells into the blood. - ANSWER b
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood:
a. as dissolved gas.
b. attached to the iron molecule in hemoglobin.
c. as bicarbonate ion.
d. as carbonic acid. - ANSWER c
What would hypercapnia cause?
a. Increased serum pH
b. Decreased respirations
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Decreased carbonic acid in the blood - ANSWER c
Which of the following would result from hyperventilation?
a. Respiratory acidosis
b. Respiratory alkalosis
c. Metabolic alkalosis
d. Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER b
Which of the following values is always decreased with respiratory alkalosis
(compensated or decompensated)?
a. Serum bicarbonate
b. PaCO2
c. Serum pH
d. Urine pH - ANSWER b (Decompensation occurs when compensatory mechanisms
cannot maintain a normal pH range.)
,What would be the most effective compensation for respiratory acidosis?
a. The kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
b. The kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
c. The kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
d. An increase in respiratory rate - ANSWER b
What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood
gases?
Serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28)
PCO2 75 mm Hg (normal range: 35-45)
Serum pH 7.0
a. Compensated metabolic acidosis
b. Decompensated metabolic acidosis
c. Compensated respiratory acidosis
d. Decompensated respiratory acidosis - ANSWER d
(Decompensation occurs when compensatory mechanisms cannot maintain a normal
pH range.)
(Compensatory Mechanisms: When a pathologic condition exists, the pH balance
moves outside of the normal range and the lungs or kidneys compensate.
Compensation is a short-term solution. The goal is to resolve the underlying cause of
the imbalance.)
What does carbaminohemoglobin refer to?
a. Replacement of oxygen by carbon monoxide on hemoglobin molecules
b. Full saturation of all heme molecules by oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide attached to an amino group on the hemoglobin molecule
d. Oxygen combined with iron in the hemoglobin molecule - ANSWER c
Approximately what percentage of bound oxygen is released to the cells for metabolism
during an erythrocyte's journey through the circulatory system?
a. 80%
b. 25%
c. 10%
d. 50% - ANSWER b
The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
a. bacterial infection.
,b. cancer tumor.
c. damage of lung tissue due to smoking.
d. emphysema. - ANSWER a
What does the term hemoptysis refer to?
a. Thick, dark red sputum associated with pneumococcal infection
b. Reddish-brown granular blood found in vomitus
c. Bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum
d. Bloody exudate in the pleural cavity - ANSWER c
Orthopnea is:
a. very deep, rapid respirations.
b. difficulty breathing when lying down.
c. waking up suddenly, coughing, and struggling for breath.
d. noisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi. - ANSWER b
Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:
a. rhonchi.
b. stridor.
c. rales.
d. wheezing. - ANSWER c
Choose the correct information applying to laryngotracheobronchitis:
a. Viral infection in infant under 12 months
b. Viral infection in child, 3 months to 3 years
c. Bacterial infection in infant under 6 months
d. Bacterial infection in child, 3 to 7 years - ANSWER b
Signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis usually include:
a. serous nasal discharge and chronic cough.
b. copious frothy sputum and dyspnea.
c. severe localized pain in the facial bone and tenderness in the face.
d. fetid breath and sore throat. - ANSWER c
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
a. Purulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain
b. Serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing
c. Copious purulent sputum, particularly in the morning
d. Harsh barking cough and wheezing - ANSWER b
,Why qdoes qthe qinfluenza qvirus qcause qrecurrent qinfection qin qindividuals?
a. Elderly qpatients qare qpredisposed qto qsecondary qinfections.
b. The qvirus qis qtransmitted qby qnumerous qroutes.
c. The qvirus qis qvery qdifficult qto qdestroy.
d. Viral qmutation qreduces qimmunity qfrom qprior qinfections. q- qANSWER qd
What qare qtypical qsigns qand qsymptoms qof qepiglottitis?
a. Hyperinflation qof qthe qchest qand qstridor
b. Hoarse qvoice qand qbarking qcough
c. Sudden qfever, qsore qthroat, qand qdrooling qsaliva
d. Sneezing, qmild qcough, qand qfever q- qANSWER qc
What qis qthe qmost qcommon qcause qof qviral qpneumonia?
a. Rhinovirus
b. Influenza qvirus
c. Haemophilus qinfluenzae
d. Pneumococcus q- qANSWER qb
Which qof qthe qfollowing qdescribes qlobar qpneumonia?
a. Sudden qonset qof qfever qand qchills, qwith qrales qand qrusty qsputum
b. Insidious qonset, qdiffuse qinterstitial qinfection
c. Viral qinfection qcausing qnonproductive qcough qand qpleuritic qpain
d. Opportunistic qbacteria qcausing qlow-grade qfever qwith qcough qand qthick qgreenish qsputum
- qANSWER qa
How qdoes qsevere qhypoxia qdevelop qwith qpneumonia?
a. Acidosis qdepresses qrespirations.
b. Oxygen qdiffusion qis qimpaired qby qthe qcongestion.
c. Inflammatory qexudate qabsorbs qoxygen qfrom qthe qalveolar qair.
d. Infection qreduces qeffective qcompensation qby qthe qheart. q- qANSWER qb
Rust-colored qsputum qin qa qpatient qwith qpneumonia qusually qindicates:
a. secondary qhemorrhage qin qthe qlungs.
b. Streptococcus qpneumoniae qis qthe qinfecting qagent.
c. prolonged qstasis qof qmucous qsecretions qin qthe qairways.
d. persistent qcoughing qhas qdamaged qthe qmucosa qin qthe qbronchi. q- qANSWER qb
What qis qthe qcause qof qLegionnaires' qdisease?
a. Mycoplasma
, b. A qfungus
c. A qgram-negative qbacterium
d. Pneumococcus q- qANSWER qc
Select qthe qstatement qrelated qto qtuberculosis:
a. The qmicrobe qis qpresent qin qthe qsputum qof qall qpatients qwith qa qpositive qTB qskin qtest.
b. The qinfection qis qtransmitted qprimarily qby qblood qfrom qan qinfected qperson.
c. TB qis qusually qcaused qby qan qacid-fast qbacillus, qresistant qto qmany qdisinfectants.
d. The qmicrobe qis qquickly qdestroyed qby qthe qimmune qresponse. q- qANSWER qc
How qis qprimary qtuberculosis qidentified?
a. Cavitation qin qthe qlungs qand qspread qof qthe qmicrobe qto qother qorgans
b. Persistent qproductive qcough, qlow-grade qfever, qand qfatigue
c. Caseation qnecrosis qand qformation qof qa qtubercle qin qthe qlungs
d. Multiple qgranulomas qin qthe qlungs qand qrapid qspread qof qthe qmicrobe q- qANSWER qc
When qdoes qactive q(secondary) qinfection qby qMycobacterium qtuberculosis qwith
qtissue qdestruction qoccur?
a. When qhost qresistance qis qdecreased
b. When qa qhypersensitivity qreaction qis qinitiated
c. When qthe qBCG qvaccine qis qnot qadministered qimmediately qfollowing
qexposure qto qthe qmicrobe
d. When qGhon qcomplexes qform qin qthe qlungs q- qANSWER qa
Which qof qthe qfollowing qstatements qdoes qNOT qapply qto qM. qtuberculosis?
a. Microbes qcan qsurvive qfor qa qlong qtime qinside qtubercles.
b. The qbacilli qcan qsurvive qsome qadverse qconditions qsuch qas qdrying qand qheat.
c. Infection qis qlimited qto qthe qlungs.
d. The qbacilli qcan qbe qdestroyed qby qantibacterial qdrugs. q- qANSWER qc
Which qof qthe qfollowing qconfirms qthe qpresence qof qactive q(reinfection) qtuberculosis?
a. A qpositive qskin qtest qfor qTB
b. A qcalcified qtubercle qshown qon qa qchest qX-ray
c. Identification qof qacid-fast qbacilli qin qa qsputum qsample
d. A qhistory qof qexposure qto qindividuals qbeing qtreated qfor qTB q- qANSWER qc
Areas qin qthe qUnited qStates qthat qshow qhigher qrates qthan qthe qnational qrate qof
qTB qare qareas qthat qhave qa qhigh qincidence qof:
a. HIV qand qhomelessness.
b. obesity qand qtobacco quse.
