Biology
Organelles:
Nucleus:
● Controls cell activity
● Contains DNA
Cell Membrane:
● Semi-permeable
● Controls what exits and enters the cell
Golgi Apparatus:
● Prepares substances to be removed from the cell
Cell Wall:
● Structure and support for the plant cell
Mitochondria:
● Site of cellular respiration
● glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
● Network of tubes that help transport substances
● Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum transports Proteins because it has Ribosomes
● Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum transports Fats/Lipates
Chloroplast:
● Site of Photosynthesis
● Only in Plant Cells
Nucleolus:
● Makes Ribosomes
Vacuole:
● Stores Food, Water and Waste
Centrioles:
● Helps with Cell Division
Ribosomes:
● Makes Protein
Lysosomes:
● It contains digestive enzymes that help break down food
● It can help another cell self-distruct, which is called “Apoptosis.”
Cytoplasm:
● Jelly like substance that is in the middle of the Cell
Cell Theory:
, 1. All living things are made up of cells
2. All cells come from another cell
3. Cells are the smallest unit that can perform life processes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes:
Prokaryotes
● No Nucleus
● Simple/Simpler
● Single-celled
● No membrane bound organelles
○ k,=kEx: Bacteria, Archaea
Eukaryotes
● Has a nucleus
● Complex/Larger
● Multicellular and single-celled
● Membraine-bound organelles
○ Ex: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
Characteristics of Living Things:
M… Movement
R… Respirate (exchange gasses)
S… Sensitivity (respond to environment)
G… Growth
R… Reproduction
E… Excretion
N… Nutrients
Diffusion vs Osmosis:
Diffusion:
● Movement of Air Particles
● Moves from high concentration to low concentration
● It does not need a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis:
● Movement of Water (fluid)
● Moves from low to high concentration
● Needs semi-permeable membrane
● BOTH ARE BALANCED - equilibrium
, The Cell Cycle:
Why Do we need Cell Division?
1. Growth
2. Repair/Replace
3. Reproduction
Growth:
● As multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells increase
● You want a larger surface area for diffusion and osmosis to occur
● The number of cells increases instead of one cell increasing in size because we
want to have an efficient surface area-to-volume ratio
Repair/Replace:
● Cells die because they are old, not needed anymore, they can’t function, and
they are damaged
● Different cells have different lifespans due to what their function is
Reproduction:
● Two types of reproduction
Sexual:
● Cells containing half the genetic information from two individuals come together
to produce offspring.
● Produces genetically different offspring
Asexual:
● Single-celled organisms undergo cell division to create their offspring
● Produces identical offspring
● Multicellular organisms undergo mitosis for growth and repair/replacement of
cells, creating two identical daughter cells.
Three Phases of the Cell Cycle: DNA Cycle
Interphase (Cell Growth)
● It is the longest stage
● The cell grows
● The phase during which the cell performs its normal functions grows.
● Your DNA is in the form of chromatin
Organelles:
Nucleus:
● Controls cell activity
● Contains DNA
Cell Membrane:
● Semi-permeable
● Controls what exits and enters the cell
Golgi Apparatus:
● Prepares substances to be removed from the cell
Cell Wall:
● Structure and support for the plant cell
Mitochondria:
● Site of cellular respiration
● glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
● Network of tubes that help transport substances
● Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum transports Proteins because it has Ribosomes
● Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum transports Fats/Lipates
Chloroplast:
● Site of Photosynthesis
● Only in Plant Cells
Nucleolus:
● Makes Ribosomes
Vacuole:
● Stores Food, Water and Waste
Centrioles:
● Helps with Cell Division
Ribosomes:
● Makes Protein
Lysosomes:
● It contains digestive enzymes that help break down food
● It can help another cell self-distruct, which is called “Apoptosis.”
Cytoplasm:
● Jelly like substance that is in the middle of the Cell
Cell Theory:
, 1. All living things are made up of cells
2. All cells come from another cell
3. Cells are the smallest unit that can perform life processes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes:
Prokaryotes
● No Nucleus
● Simple/Simpler
● Single-celled
● No membrane bound organelles
○ k,=kEx: Bacteria, Archaea
Eukaryotes
● Has a nucleus
● Complex/Larger
● Multicellular and single-celled
● Membraine-bound organelles
○ Ex: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
Characteristics of Living Things:
M… Movement
R… Respirate (exchange gasses)
S… Sensitivity (respond to environment)
G… Growth
R… Reproduction
E… Excretion
N… Nutrients
Diffusion vs Osmosis:
Diffusion:
● Movement of Air Particles
● Moves from high concentration to low concentration
● It does not need a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis:
● Movement of Water (fluid)
● Moves from low to high concentration
● Needs semi-permeable membrane
● BOTH ARE BALANCED - equilibrium
, The Cell Cycle:
Why Do we need Cell Division?
1. Growth
2. Repair/Replace
3. Reproduction
Growth:
● As multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells increase
● You want a larger surface area for diffusion and osmosis to occur
● The number of cells increases instead of one cell increasing in size because we
want to have an efficient surface area-to-volume ratio
Repair/Replace:
● Cells die because they are old, not needed anymore, they can’t function, and
they are damaged
● Different cells have different lifespans due to what their function is
Reproduction:
● Two types of reproduction
Sexual:
● Cells containing half the genetic information from two individuals come together
to produce offspring.
● Produces genetically different offspring
Asexual:
● Single-celled organisms undergo cell division to create their offspring
● Produces identical offspring
● Multicellular organisms undergo mitosis for growth and repair/replacement of
cells, creating two identical daughter cells.
Three Phases of the Cell Cycle: DNA Cycle
Interphase (Cell Growth)
● It is the longest stage
● The cell grows
● The phase during which the cell performs its normal functions grows.
● Your DNA is in the form of chromatin
