,ForbyourbconveniencebApressbhasbplacedbsomebofbthebfrontb
matterbmaterialbafterbthebindex.bPleasebusebthebBookmarksb
andbContentsbatbabGlanceblinksbtobaccessbthem.
,Contents at a Glance b b b
AboutbthebAuthor ......................................................................... xv
AboutbthebProjectbManager ......................................................... xvii
AboutbthebTechnicalbReviewer ...................................................... xix
Acknowledgments ................................................................... xxi
Foreword ..............................................................................xxiii
Introduction ........................................................................... xxv
■ Chapterb1:bIt’sbDifferentbOutbHere.................................................. 1
■ Chapterb2:bAnatomybofbthebInternetbofbThings .............................. 23
■ Chapterb3:bOnbthebEdge ............................................................. 41
■ Chapterb4:bBuildingbabWebbofbThings ........................................... 59
■ Chapterb5:bSmallbData,bBigbData,bandbHumanbInteraction ...............77
■ Chapterb6:bArchitecturebforbthebFrontier ...................................... 95
■ Chapterb7:bExamplesbandbApplications...................................... 123
■ Chapterb 8:bPathwaysbtobthebInternetbofb Things........................... 143
Index ......................................................................................161
v
, Introduction
Ibdidn’tbsetboutbtobdevelopbabnewbarchitecturebforbthebInternetbofbThingsb(IoT).bRather,bIb
wasbthinkingbaboutbthebimplicationsbofbcontrolbandbschedulingbwithinbmachinebsocialbn
etworksbinbthebcontextbofbMetcalfe’sbLaw.bThebcomingbtsunamibofbmachine-to-
machineb interconnectionsbcouldbyieldbtremendousbflowsbofbinformationb–
bandbknowledge.
Oncebwebfreebthebmachinebsocialbnetworkb(comprisedbofbsensorsbandbanbunimagin
ablebnumberbofbotherbdevices)bfrombthebdragbofbhumanbinteraction,btherebisbtremendous
bpotentialbforbcreatingbautonomousbcommunitiesbofbmachinesb thatbrequirebonlyboccasion
albinteractionbwith,borbreportingbto,bhumans.
ThebconventionalbwisdombisbthatbthebexpansivebaddressbspacebofbIPv6bsolvesbthebIoTb
problembofbmyriadbendbdevices.bButbthebhost-to-
hostbassumptionsbfossilizedbintobthebIPbprotocolbinbtheb1970sbfundamentallyblimitedbitsbutil
itybforbthebverybedgebofbthebIoTbnetwork.bAsbthebInternetbofbThingsbexpandsbexponentiallyb
overbthebcomingbyears,bitbwillbbebexpectedbtobconnectbtobdevicesbthatbarebcheaper,bdumber,
band bmorebdiverse.bTraditional bnetworking bthinking bwillbfailbforbmultiplebreasons.
First,b althoughb IPv6b providesb anb addressb forb theseb devices,b theb largestb populationb of
btheseb appliances, b sensors, b andb actuatorsb willb lackb theb horsepowerb in b termsb ofb processors
,bmemory,bandbbandwidthbtobrunb thebbloatedbIPbprotocolbstack.bItbsimplybdoesbnotbma
kebfinancialbsensebtobburdenbabsimplebsensorbwithballbofbthebprotocolboverheadbneeded
bforbhost-to-hostbcommunications.
Second,bthebconventionalbimplementationbofbIPbprotocolsbimpliesbnetworkingb
knowledgebonbthebpartbofbdevicebmanufacturers:bwithoutbcentrallybauthorizedbMAC
bIDsb andb end-to-
endb management,b IPb fallsb flat.b Manyb ofb theb hundredsb ofb thousandsb of
manufacturersb ofb allb sizesb worldwideb buildingb moistureb sensors,b streetlights,b andb toastersbla
ckb theb technicalb expertiseb tob implementb legacyb networkb technologyb inb traditionalb ways.
Third,bthebdatabneedsbofbthebIoTbarebcompletelybdifferentbfrombthebglobalbInternet.
bMostbofbthebcommunications bwillbbe bterse bmachine-to-
machinebinterchangesbthatbareblargelybasymmetrical,bwithbmuchbmorebdatabflowingbinb
onebdirectionb(sensorbtobserver,bforbexample)bthanbinbthebother.bAndbinbmostbcases,blosi
ngbanbindividualbmessagebtobanbintermittentborbnoisybconnectionbwillbbebnobbigbdeal.bU
nlikebthebtraditionalbInternet,bwhichbisbprimarilybhuman-
orientedb(andbthusbaversebtobdatabloss),bmuchbofbthebInternetbofbThingsbtrafficbwillbbeba
nalyzedboverbtime,bnotbactedbuponbimmediately.bMostbofbthebendb devicesb willb beb essenti
allyb autonomous,b operatingb independentlyb whetherb anyoneb isb“listening”borbnot.
Fourth,bwhenbtherebarebreal-
timebsensingbandbresponsebloopsbneededbinbthebInternetbofbThings,btraditionalbnetworkba
rchitecturesbwithbtheirbround-
tripbcontrolbloopsbwillbbebproblematic.bInstead,babwaybwouldbbebneededbtobengenderbin
dependentblocalbcontrolbloopsb managingb theb “business”b ofb appliances,b sensors,b andb actuat
orsb whileb stillb permittingboccasionalb“advisebandbconsent”bcommunicationsbwithbcentral
bservers.
matterbmaterialbafterbthebindex.bPleasebusebthebBookmarksb
andbContentsbatbabGlanceblinksbtobaccessbthem.
,Contents at a Glance b b b
AboutbthebAuthor ......................................................................... xv
AboutbthebProjectbManager ......................................................... xvii
AboutbthebTechnicalbReviewer ...................................................... xix
Acknowledgments ................................................................... xxi
Foreword ..............................................................................xxiii
Introduction ........................................................................... xxv
■ Chapterb1:bIt’sbDifferentbOutbHere.................................................. 1
■ Chapterb2:bAnatomybofbthebInternetbofbThings .............................. 23
■ Chapterb3:bOnbthebEdge ............................................................. 41
■ Chapterb4:bBuildingbabWebbofbThings ........................................... 59
■ Chapterb5:bSmallbData,bBigbData,bandbHumanbInteraction ...............77
■ Chapterb6:bArchitecturebforbthebFrontier ...................................... 95
■ Chapterb7:bExamplesbandbApplications...................................... 123
■ Chapterb 8:bPathwaysbtobthebInternetbofb Things........................... 143
Index ......................................................................................161
v
, Introduction
Ibdidn’tbsetboutbtobdevelopbabnewbarchitecturebforbthebInternetbofbThingsb(IoT).bRather,bIb
wasbthinkingbaboutbthebimplicationsbofbcontrolbandbschedulingbwithinbmachinebsocialbn
etworksbinbthebcontextbofbMetcalfe’sbLaw.bThebcomingbtsunamibofbmachine-to-
machineb interconnectionsbcouldbyieldbtremendousbflowsbofbinformationb–
bandbknowledge.
Oncebwebfreebthebmachinebsocialbnetworkb(comprisedbofbsensorsbandbanbunimagin
ablebnumberbofbotherbdevices)bfrombthebdragbofbhumanbinteraction,btherebisbtremendous
bpotentialbforbcreatingbautonomousbcommunitiesbofbmachinesb thatbrequirebonlyboccasion
albinteractionbwith,borbreportingbto,bhumans.
ThebconventionalbwisdombisbthatbthebexpansivebaddressbspacebofbIPv6bsolvesbthebIoTb
problembofbmyriadbendbdevices.bButbthebhost-to-
hostbassumptionsbfossilizedbintobthebIPbprotocolbinbtheb1970sbfundamentallyblimitedbitsbutil
itybforbthebverybedgebofbthebIoTbnetwork.bAsbthebInternetbofbThingsbexpandsbexponentiallyb
overbthebcomingbyears,bitbwillbbebexpectedbtobconnectbtobdevicesbthatbarebcheaper,bdumber,
band bmorebdiverse.bTraditional bnetworking bthinking bwillbfailbforbmultiplebreasons.
First,b althoughb IPv6b providesb anb addressb forb theseb devices,b theb largestb populationb of
btheseb appliances, b sensors, b andb actuatorsb willb lackb theb horsepowerb in b termsb ofb processors
,bmemory,bandbbandwidthbtobrunb thebbloatedbIPbprotocolbstack.bItbsimplybdoesbnotbma
kebfinancialbsensebtobburdenbabsimplebsensorbwithballbofbthebprotocolboverheadbneeded
bforbhost-to-hostbcommunications.
Second,bthebconventionalbimplementationbofbIPbprotocolsbimpliesbnetworkingb
knowledgebonbthebpartbofbdevicebmanufacturers:bwithoutbcentrallybauthorizedbMAC
bIDsb andb end-to-
endb management,b IPb fallsb flat.b Manyb ofb theb hundredsb ofb thousandsb of
manufacturersb ofb allb sizesb worldwideb buildingb moistureb sensors,b streetlights,b andb toastersbla
ckb theb technicalb expertiseb tob implementb legacyb networkb technologyb inb traditionalb ways.
Third,bthebdatabneedsbofbthebIoTbarebcompletelybdifferentbfrombthebglobalbInternet.
bMostbofbthebcommunications bwillbbe bterse bmachine-to-
machinebinterchangesbthatbareblargelybasymmetrical,bwithbmuchbmorebdatabflowingbinb
onebdirectionb(sensorbtobserver,bforbexample)bthanbinbthebother.bAndbinbmostbcases,blosi
ngbanbindividualbmessagebtobanbintermittentborbnoisybconnectionbwillbbebnobbigbdeal.bU
nlikebthebtraditionalbInternet,bwhichbisbprimarilybhuman-
orientedb(andbthusbaversebtobdatabloss),bmuchbofbthebInternetbofbThingsbtrafficbwillbbeba
nalyzedboverbtime,bnotbactedbuponbimmediately.bMostbofbthebendb devicesb willb beb essenti
allyb autonomous,b operatingb independentlyb whetherb anyoneb isb“listening”borbnot.
Fourth,bwhenbtherebarebreal-
timebsensingbandbresponsebloopsbneededbinbthebInternetbofbThings,btraditionalbnetworkba
rchitecturesbwithbtheirbround-
tripbcontrolbloopsbwillbbebproblematic.bInstead,babwaybwouldbbebneededbtobengenderbin
dependentblocalbcontrolbloopsb managingb theb “business”b ofb appliances,b sensors,b andb actuat
orsb whileb stillb permittingboccasionalb“advisebandbconsent”bcommunicationsbwithbcentral
bservers.
