1. Which of the following is a primary cause of metabolic acidosis?
a) Respiratory depression
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis
c) Hyperventilation
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Answer: b) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an increase in the
production of acids or a decrease in the elimination of acids. In diabetic
ketoacidosis, increased ketone production leads to the accumulation of
acids in the blood.
2. Which of the following is a common cause of hypokalemia?
a) Hyperaldosteronism
b) Chronic kidney disease
c) Acidosis
d) Dehydration
Answer: a) Hyperaldosteronism
Rationale: Hyperaldosteronism leads to the retention of sodium and
the excretion of potassium in the kidneys, resulting in hypokalemia.
3. A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored
stools. These symptoms suggest a problem in which area?
a) Liver
b) Small intestine
c) Kidney
d) Pancreas
,Answer: a) Liver
Rationale: Jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored stools are indicative
of a liver dysfunction, possibly due to a blockage in bile flow or liver
disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
4. Which of the following is characteristic of neurogenic shock?
a) Vasodilation and hypotension
b) Decreased heart rate and vasoconstriction
c) Increased cardiac output
d) Tachycardia and hypertension
Answer: a) Vasodilation and hypotension
Rationale: Neurogenic shock results from a loss of sympathetic tone,
leading to vasodilation and a reduction in blood pressure. It is often
caused by spinal cord injury or damage to the central nervous system.
5. Which factor contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic
plaques?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Endothelial injury
c) Increased nitric oxide
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: b) Endothelial injury
Rationale: Atherosclerotic plaques form due to endothelial cell injury,
which allows lipids and inflammatory cells to accumulate and form
plaques. This process is exacerbated by risk factors like hyperlipidemia,
smoking, and hypertension.
, 6. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which of the
following compensatory mechanisms is typically activated?
a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
b) Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation
c) Decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Vasodilation
Answer: b) Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
activation
Rationale: In HFrEF, the heart is unable to pump blood effectively,
leading to decreased perfusion. This activates the RAAS system to
conserve water and salt, increasing blood volume and raising blood
pressure.
7. Which of the following is most likely to cause a decrease in lung
compliance?
a) Pulmonary fibrosis
b) Asthma
c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
d) Bronchitis
Answer: a) Pulmonary fibrosis
Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis leads to the thickening and stiffening of
lung tissue, which decreases lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to
expand and contract easily).
8. A patient with prolonged hypertension is most at risk for which
complication?
a) Respiratory depression
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis
c) Hyperventilation
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Answer: b) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an increase in the
production of acids or a decrease in the elimination of acids. In diabetic
ketoacidosis, increased ketone production leads to the accumulation of
acids in the blood.
2. Which of the following is a common cause of hypokalemia?
a) Hyperaldosteronism
b) Chronic kidney disease
c) Acidosis
d) Dehydration
Answer: a) Hyperaldosteronism
Rationale: Hyperaldosteronism leads to the retention of sodium and
the excretion of potassium in the kidneys, resulting in hypokalemia.
3. A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored
stools. These symptoms suggest a problem in which area?
a) Liver
b) Small intestine
c) Kidney
d) Pancreas
,Answer: a) Liver
Rationale: Jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored stools are indicative
of a liver dysfunction, possibly due to a blockage in bile flow or liver
disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
4. Which of the following is characteristic of neurogenic shock?
a) Vasodilation and hypotension
b) Decreased heart rate and vasoconstriction
c) Increased cardiac output
d) Tachycardia and hypertension
Answer: a) Vasodilation and hypotension
Rationale: Neurogenic shock results from a loss of sympathetic tone,
leading to vasodilation and a reduction in blood pressure. It is often
caused by spinal cord injury or damage to the central nervous system.
5. Which factor contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic
plaques?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Endothelial injury
c) Increased nitric oxide
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: b) Endothelial injury
Rationale: Atherosclerotic plaques form due to endothelial cell injury,
which allows lipids and inflammatory cells to accumulate and form
plaques. This process is exacerbated by risk factors like hyperlipidemia,
smoking, and hypertension.
, 6. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which of the
following compensatory mechanisms is typically activated?
a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
b) Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation
c) Decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Vasodilation
Answer: b) Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
activation
Rationale: In HFrEF, the heart is unable to pump blood effectively,
leading to decreased perfusion. This activates the RAAS system to
conserve water and salt, increasing blood volume and raising blood
pressure.
7. Which of the following is most likely to cause a decrease in lung
compliance?
a) Pulmonary fibrosis
b) Asthma
c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
d) Bronchitis
Answer: a) Pulmonary fibrosis
Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis leads to the thickening and stiffening of
lung tissue, which decreases lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to
expand and contract easily).
8. A patient with prolonged hypertension is most at risk for which
complication?
