Phil 106 midterm exam with 100%
guarantee pass
Induction - correct answers --argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that
the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
- prediction
-analogy
- generalization
-an argument from authority
-an argument based on signs
- causal inference
-specific to general
Deduction - correct answers --argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for
the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
- an argument from definition
- categorical syllogism
- hypothetical syllogism
- disjunctive syllogism
, - math
- general to specific
Evaluating induction - correct answers -- Strength
- relevance
- sufficiency
-cogency
Strong inductive Argument - correct answers -- if the premises are true, then the
conclusion is likely to be true
- Relevance: premises being true is relevant to whether or not the conclusion is true
- Sufficiency: the premises being true should offer sufficient reason to the conclusion is
probably true also
Cogent inductive argument - correct answers -- the argument is strong and all of the
premises are true
Causal inferences -Mills Method - correct answers --Agreement
- difference
- concomitant variation
- residues
Agreement (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is always
present when X happens
Difference (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is different
when X is present/absent
concomitant variation (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that
varies when X also varies
Residues (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is left over
when all other aspects of X have been successfully explained
Generalizations - Palmer - correct answers -P1 - S is representative of Y (target
population)
P2- Proportion n of S have property Y
C - proportion n of Y have property P
Hasty Generalization (generalization error) - correct answers -P1 - false because
sample is to small
Biased sample (generalization error) - correct answers -P1 - false because sample is
biased
Measurements error (generalization error) - correct answers -P2 - false
guarantee pass
Induction - correct answers --argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that
the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
- prediction
-analogy
- generalization
-an argument from authority
-an argument based on signs
- causal inference
-specific to general
Deduction - correct answers --argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for
the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
- an argument from definition
- categorical syllogism
- hypothetical syllogism
- disjunctive syllogism
, - math
- general to specific
Evaluating induction - correct answers -- Strength
- relevance
- sufficiency
-cogency
Strong inductive Argument - correct answers -- if the premises are true, then the
conclusion is likely to be true
- Relevance: premises being true is relevant to whether or not the conclusion is true
- Sufficiency: the premises being true should offer sufficient reason to the conclusion is
probably true also
Cogent inductive argument - correct answers -- the argument is strong and all of the
premises are true
Causal inferences -Mills Method - correct answers --Agreement
- difference
- concomitant variation
- residues
Agreement (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is always
present when X happens
Difference (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is different
when X is present/absent
concomitant variation (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that
varies when X also varies
Residues (causal inference) - correct answers -- look for the element that is left over
when all other aspects of X have been successfully explained
Generalizations - Palmer - correct answers -P1 - S is representative of Y (target
population)
P2- Proportion n of S have property Y
C - proportion n of Y have property P
Hasty Generalization (generalization error) - correct answers -P1 - false because
sample is to small
Biased sample (generalization error) - correct answers -P1 - false because sample is
biased
Measurements error (generalization error) - correct answers -P2 - false
