Urinary Elimination
Urine color changes when dehydration occurs
High blood pressure hurts kidneys
➢ Starts ruining glomerulus
External sphincter gives us bladder control
Dysuria
➢ Pain or burning
Polyuria
➢ Frequent urination
Oliguria
➢ Infrequent urination
Nocturia
➢ Frequent night urination
Hematuria
➢ Blood in the urine
■ Can be microscopic or obvious
Anuria
➢ Inability to urinate
Cystitis
➢ Inflammation of bladder
Retention
➢ Not voiding all urine
Kids gain mild control of urine between two and three
➢ By five, children have almost complete control over urination
■ Occasional accidents are normal
■ If frequent accidents have not been resolved it needs to be
addressed
1
, Pregnant women are at risk for UTI
Older people have issues with incontinence
➢ Mostly related to mobility changes and muscle tone changes
Some social situations make it difficult to void
➢ Happens often in hospital environment when patients are constantly
monitored
High levels of stress increase frequency
There are psychological conditions that make patients drink excess water
Poor hygiene can lead to UTI
➢ Women should wipe from front to back
➢ E. coli is the main factor of UTI in women
Pathological conditions such as a spinal cord injury and diabetes can affect ability
to urinate
➢ Diabetes can cause kidney failure
Medications such as diuretics promote voiding
Antidiuretic hormone promotes lack of voiding
Sedatives decrease nervous system
IVP
➢ Intravenous pyelogram
A diet high in salt leads to water retention and decreased urination
Caffeine and alcohol increase urination
Some diuretics cause potassium loss
Some medications such as chemotherapy medications are nephrotoxic
Bethanechol (Urecholine)
➢ Bladder stimulant
Tolterodine (Detrol)
➢ Relaxant
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
➢ Analgesic for UTI
2
Urine color changes when dehydration occurs
High blood pressure hurts kidneys
➢ Starts ruining glomerulus
External sphincter gives us bladder control
Dysuria
➢ Pain or burning
Polyuria
➢ Frequent urination
Oliguria
➢ Infrequent urination
Nocturia
➢ Frequent night urination
Hematuria
➢ Blood in the urine
■ Can be microscopic or obvious
Anuria
➢ Inability to urinate
Cystitis
➢ Inflammation of bladder
Retention
➢ Not voiding all urine
Kids gain mild control of urine between two and three
➢ By five, children have almost complete control over urination
■ Occasional accidents are normal
■ If frequent accidents have not been resolved it needs to be
addressed
1
, Pregnant women are at risk for UTI
Older people have issues with incontinence
➢ Mostly related to mobility changes and muscle tone changes
Some social situations make it difficult to void
➢ Happens often in hospital environment when patients are constantly
monitored
High levels of stress increase frequency
There are psychological conditions that make patients drink excess water
Poor hygiene can lead to UTI
➢ Women should wipe from front to back
➢ E. coli is the main factor of UTI in women
Pathological conditions such as a spinal cord injury and diabetes can affect ability
to urinate
➢ Diabetes can cause kidney failure
Medications such as diuretics promote voiding
Antidiuretic hormone promotes lack of voiding
Sedatives decrease nervous system
IVP
➢ Intravenous pyelogram
A diet high in salt leads to water retention and decreased urination
Caffeine and alcohol increase urination
Some diuretics cause potassium loss
Some medications such as chemotherapy medications are nephrotoxic
Bethanechol (Urecholine)
➢ Bladder stimulant
Tolterodine (Detrol)
➢ Relaxant
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
➢ Analgesic for UTI
2
