Anesthesiology Exam I Questions With Complete Solutions
Begin to become familiar with drugs used for induction of
anesthesia: Propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine/midazolam, Telazol.
Correct Answers Dogs: propofol, ketamine/benzodiazepine,
alfaxalone
Cats: above total injectable anesthesia
Horses: ketamine/benzodiazepine
Cattle: triple drip: GG, xylazine, ketamine
Sheep/goats: ketamine/benzodiazepine
Blood gas analysis Correct Answers Normal blood pH = 7.4
<7.4 = acidemia
>7.4 = alkalemia.
Blood gas analysis what does decreased PaCO2 mean? Correct
Answers hyperventilation - respiratory alkalosis
Blood gas analysis what does increased PaCO2 mean? Correct
Answers Hypoventilaion -> respiratory acidosis.
Can you rely on muscle relaxation to indicate anesthetic depth?
Correct Answers Jaw tone in dogs and cats
Varies with depth
Subjective
Not reliable with dissociative anesthetics.
e.g. ketamine causes some muscle rigidity and will give some
false sense of a tight jaw.
Describe alpha-2 agonist, dexmedetomidine Correct Answers
Potent sedative + analgesia
,Dose dependent sedation mild -> profound
Rapid onset (~5min)
Short duration ~30-60 min, depending on dose
Describe anticholinergics and their effects Correct Answers
decrease vagal effects, salivary secretions
Modern inhalants not as irritating to resp.
Still used to counter vagal effects of anesthetic drugs.
Atropine: crosses BBB/placenta. Onset of action (minutes): 5
IM, 1IV. DOA: 60-90 min.
Side effects: sinus tachycardia, secondary A-V block.
Glycopyrrolate: does not cross BBB/placenta. Onset of action 3-
5min. DOA: 2-4 hrs
side effects: sinus tach, secondary av block -> increased with IV
admin. AV block - wait, give additional dose. Sinus tachycardia
is self limiting. Caution in geriatric or cardiac dz. Avoid in LA -
> GI stasis.
Describe buprenorphine Correct Answers partial mu agonist
little sedation, mild-moderate analgesia
Slow onset 30-45 min
Duration: dogs 4-10 hrs, cats 6-12 hrs.
'Ceiling effect'
Compared to mu agonists, LESS: resp. depression, panting,
bradycardia, analgesia, nausea, no vomiting.
Simbadol new long acting fromulation approved for cats
Describe butorphanol Correct Answers Kappa agonist, mu
antagonist
,Mild sedation, analgesia
Lasts ~1-2 hours
'Ceiling effect'
compared to mu agonists, LESS: respiratory depression, panting,
bradycardia, analgesia (MAC sparing), nausea, no vomiting.
Describe eye position and depth in horses? Correct Answers
Medial position
May be unreliable
Different positions in each eye
IF NYSTAGMUS/TEARING -> TOO LIGHT!!!!
Describe eye position and depth in sheep, goats, and camelids
Correct Answers globe DOES NOT ROTATE.
Eye position in sheep, goat, and camelids gives NO information
on anesthetic depth.
Describe hydromorphone, morphine, oxymorphone, methadone
Correct Answers full mu agonists
moderate-severe pain
Duration of action
hydro/oxymorphone: 2-4 hours
Morphine/methadone: 4-6 hours
Methadon is also an NMDA antagonist.
Describe oxygen central supply Correct Answers High
pressure cylinders
Liquid oxygen - high volume use clinic
either of these form the pipeline oxygen source: runs throughout
hospital, remote hook-ups DISS.
, Describe oxygen local supply Correct Answers E-cylinder on
machine
Easier to handle
Small volume (660L)
Describe palpebral reflex in horses to assess anesthetic depth
Correct Answers Gently brush cilia, slow closure of eyelids
Present at surgical plane.
Describe palpebral reflex in ruminants/swine to assess anesthetic
depth. Correct Answers Absent at surgical plane
Describe palpebral reflex in small animals to assess anesthetic
depth Correct Answers Tap medial canthus
Absent at surgical plane.
If didn't have reflex and eye centered then very deep plane of
anesthesia.
Describe propofol 28 Correct Answers Contains benzyl
alcohol as preservative
shelf life 28 days from open
Bacteriostatic - still need sterile technique
Benzyl alcohol toxic to cats at high dose - OK for induction
dose, use premid, no repeated dosing, no CRI
Describe sedative/tranquilizer benzodiazepines such as
diazepam and midazolam Correct Answers Typically NOT
ogod sedative in young health dogs and cats.
Causes paradoxical excitement, hyperresponsiveness
Sedation more prodound in pediatric, geriatric and critical
patients.
Begin to become familiar with drugs used for induction of
anesthesia: Propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine/midazolam, Telazol.
Correct Answers Dogs: propofol, ketamine/benzodiazepine,
alfaxalone
Cats: above total injectable anesthesia
Horses: ketamine/benzodiazepine
Cattle: triple drip: GG, xylazine, ketamine
Sheep/goats: ketamine/benzodiazepine
Blood gas analysis Correct Answers Normal blood pH = 7.4
<7.4 = acidemia
>7.4 = alkalemia.
Blood gas analysis what does decreased PaCO2 mean? Correct
Answers hyperventilation - respiratory alkalosis
Blood gas analysis what does increased PaCO2 mean? Correct
Answers Hypoventilaion -> respiratory acidosis.
Can you rely on muscle relaxation to indicate anesthetic depth?
Correct Answers Jaw tone in dogs and cats
Varies with depth
Subjective
Not reliable with dissociative anesthetics.
e.g. ketamine causes some muscle rigidity and will give some
false sense of a tight jaw.
Describe alpha-2 agonist, dexmedetomidine Correct Answers
Potent sedative + analgesia
,Dose dependent sedation mild -> profound
Rapid onset (~5min)
Short duration ~30-60 min, depending on dose
Describe anticholinergics and their effects Correct Answers
decrease vagal effects, salivary secretions
Modern inhalants not as irritating to resp.
Still used to counter vagal effects of anesthetic drugs.
Atropine: crosses BBB/placenta. Onset of action (minutes): 5
IM, 1IV. DOA: 60-90 min.
Side effects: sinus tachycardia, secondary A-V block.
Glycopyrrolate: does not cross BBB/placenta. Onset of action 3-
5min. DOA: 2-4 hrs
side effects: sinus tach, secondary av block -> increased with IV
admin. AV block - wait, give additional dose. Sinus tachycardia
is self limiting. Caution in geriatric or cardiac dz. Avoid in LA -
> GI stasis.
Describe buprenorphine Correct Answers partial mu agonist
little sedation, mild-moderate analgesia
Slow onset 30-45 min
Duration: dogs 4-10 hrs, cats 6-12 hrs.
'Ceiling effect'
Compared to mu agonists, LESS: resp. depression, panting,
bradycardia, analgesia, nausea, no vomiting.
Simbadol new long acting fromulation approved for cats
Describe butorphanol Correct Answers Kappa agonist, mu
antagonist
,Mild sedation, analgesia
Lasts ~1-2 hours
'Ceiling effect'
compared to mu agonists, LESS: respiratory depression, panting,
bradycardia, analgesia (MAC sparing), nausea, no vomiting.
Describe eye position and depth in horses? Correct Answers
Medial position
May be unreliable
Different positions in each eye
IF NYSTAGMUS/TEARING -> TOO LIGHT!!!!
Describe eye position and depth in sheep, goats, and camelids
Correct Answers globe DOES NOT ROTATE.
Eye position in sheep, goat, and camelids gives NO information
on anesthetic depth.
Describe hydromorphone, morphine, oxymorphone, methadone
Correct Answers full mu agonists
moderate-severe pain
Duration of action
hydro/oxymorphone: 2-4 hours
Morphine/methadone: 4-6 hours
Methadon is also an NMDA antagonist.
Describe oxygen central supply Correct Answers High
pressure cylinders
Liquid oxygen - high volume use clinic
either of these form the pipeline oxygen source: runs throughout
hospital, remote hook-ups DISS.
, Describe oxygen local supply Correct Answers E-cylinder on
machine
Easier to handle
Small volume (660L)
Describe palpebral reflex in horses to assess anesthetic depth
Correct Answers Gently brush cilia, slow closure of eyelids
Present at surgical plane.
Describe palpebral reflex in ruminants/swine to assess anesthetic
depth. Correct Answers Absent at surgical plane
Describe palpebral reflex in small animals to assess anesthetic
depth Correct Answers Tap medial canthus
Absent at surgical plane.
If didn't have reflex and eye centered then very deep plane of
anesthesia.
Describe propofol 28 Correct Answers Contains benzyl
alcohol as preservative
shelf life 28 days from open
Bacteriostatic - still need sterile technique
Benzyl alcohol toxic to cats at high dose - OK for induction
dose, use premid, no repeated dosing, no CRI
Describe sedative/tranquilizer benzodiazepines such as
diazepam and midazolam Correct Answers Typically NOT
ogod sedative in young health dogs and cats.
Causes paradoxical excitement, hyperresponsiveness
Sedation more prodound in pediatric, geriatric and critical
patients.
