construction material and methods

construction material and methods ------------ may be defined as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.** ️️Sustainability According to the U.S. ------ ------- -------, buildings account for --% to --% of the world's energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions.** ️️Green Building Council 30% to 40% Their rating system, ---- (-------- -- ------- --- ----- -----) has become the standard for measuring the --------- of construction.** ️️LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) sustainability Designers develop the building plan for effective design and to comply with the legal constraints like zoning ordinances and building codes along with any other constraints such as under the American Disabilities Act (ADA), the Fair Housing Act, EPA, OSHA, and other laws and rules.** ️️n Some of the sources of these legal constraints are: ️️International Residential Code (IRC) building code for 1 & 2 family dwellings, up to 3 stories** International Building Code (IBC) building code for all other buildings** E/ The Work of the Construction Professional: Constructing Buildings: Construction Service Models: Design/Bid/Build- ️️- Owner separately hires design team and construction team.** When foundation settlement occurs at roughly the same rate throughout all portions of a building, it is termed "------------ --------" (usually on uniform soil).** ️️uniform settlement when settlement occurs at differing rates between different portions of a building, it is termed "-------- -------" (usually on differing soil or with unequal building loads).** ️️differential settlement Foundations on bedrock settle a ---------- amount whereas foundations on clay or silt can settle--------- .** ️️negligible a great deal --------Aggregates: (same as Gravel for most purposes) Aggregate that is retained on the No. 4 sieve (____-mm or about _____-in.) ** ️️course 4.76 3/16 ------- -------: Gravel created by artificial crushing - with at least one face resulting from fracturing ** ️️Crushed Gravel Sources of Aggregates Land Sources: ️️Glacier deposits, former lake and river beds, bases of rock faces, or blasted/excavated rock mined by bucket loaders, power shovels, draglines, or power scrapers (after stripping topsoil) ** Aggregate Strength: As a vertical load from the top is transmitted deeper, through points of contact, the load is spread over an ever larger area, with ever smaller forces at deeper levels: ️️The larger the maximum size of aggregate is, the greater the strength. ** Compaction, especially by vibration, increases the shearing strength of aggregate of any size, shape, and gradation. ** --------- generally increases strength of aggregates, reduces -------, and improves bearing capacity. ** ️️compaction settlement In typical pavement construction, the load spreads over an area that increases with depth. Therefore, the unit stress is ------ at greater depths. The material is arranged to be weaker and less expensive at greater depths. ** ️️less Given a 20,000 sq. ft. plot of land, how many cubic yards would be required to cover this plot with 4 inches of river-silt? ** ️️20,000 sq. ft. x 4-inches/12-inches = 6666.66 cu. ft. 6666.66 cu. ft./27 cu. ft. = 246.9 cu. yd. If 1000 bank cubic yards (in place at natural density) of dense clay (30% swell) needs to be hauled away, how many loose cubic yards would have to be hauled away by truck?** ️️Cubic yards of haul = In place quantity x (1 + swell percentage) Therefore: cu yds of haul (lcy) = 1000 bcy x (1 + 0.3) = 1300 lcy Also: If 7 cy dump trucks will be used to haul this material away, how many loads would be required?** ️️Loads = lcy of haul / lcy per load Therefore: Loads = 1300 lcy / 7 lcy per load = 186 loads If 500 compacted cubic yards in-place of sand/gravel is required, how many loads would be required? Then material has a swell of 15% and shrinkage or 95%.** The volume of material to be transported is calculated as follows:** Also: If the same 7 cy dump truck is used, the following would