ANESTHESIOLOGY EXAM Questions
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What is the definition of Anesthesia? correct answers Loss of sensation to all or part of the body.
Under general anesthesia the animal is unconscious and unaware of its surroundings.
What is the definition of Analgesia? correct answers "without pain".
Under analgesia or local anesthesia the animal shows diminished or no perception of pain.
What are the components of general anesthesia? correct answers Temporary reversible state of
drug intoxication of the CNS where the patient neither perceives nor recalls the painful stimulus
- consists of:
Unconsciousness (hypnosis, narcosis)
Muscle relaxation
Lack of pain (analgesia)
Loss of memory (amnesia)
Suppression of reflexes (motor, autonomic)
ALL WITHOUT HARMING THE PATIENT
What is pain? correct answers Pain is the CONSCIOUS perception of a noxious stimulus
What are the general principles of anesthesia? correct answers KNOW YOUR PATIENT
stabilize and correct abnormalities, prior to anesthesia
Be organized and efficient to minimize anesthesia time
Select anesthetic protocol based on patient, existing abnormalities, and to minimize adverse
effects
Identify and prepare for potential complications
Establish intravenous access whenever possible
Secure and maintain patent airway
Use supplemental oxygen when indicated and provide ventilatory support
Monitor vital body systems (cardiovasc, resp, CNS)
Identify and correct abnormalities that arise
Continue monitoring and support through recovery period
Use appropriate analgesia and sedation to minimize pain and distress.
Why is pre-anesthetic patient evaluation important? correct answers Identifies individual risk
factors
Underlying physiologic abnormalities
Contributes information for development of an individualized anesthetic plan.
,Why is pre-anesthetic fasting important? correct answers Decreases risk of regurgitation and
aspiration
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for dogs and cats correct answers 6-12 hours fast (overnight
recommended - no food after 10 PM)
Fast 4 hours up to 4 months of age - risk hypoglycemia.
Free access to water up until procedure.
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for horses? correct answers 6-12 hrs fast
Access to water
Do not vomit
Weight of GI contents increases pressure on diaphragm - limits lung expansion -> decreased
ventilation leading to decreased arterial O2 and increased arterial CO2 levels -> V/Q mismatch.
What are the fasting recommendations for ruminants correct answers Cattle: 24-48 hours food
12-24 water
Regurgitation and aspiration of rumen contents.
Bloat -> increased pressur eon diaphragm -> limits lung expansion -> decreased ventilation ->
decreased arterial O2 and increased arterial CO2 -> V/Q mismatch.
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for small ruminants correct answers Sheep/goat
12-24 food +/- water
All ruminants less that 4 weeks fast only 2-4 hoiurs, nursing, monogastric, less prone to
regurgitation.
What is Maropitant? Explain its use as a peri-operative medication correct answers Maropitant
(Cerenia) is used in dogs and is a Neurokinin-1 antagonist for prevention of Peri-anesthetic
nausea and vomiting.
1 mg/kg subQ at least one hour before opioid premedication
Prevents vomiting and signs of nausea assocaited with opioid drugs
Provides adjunct analgesia (via blocking substance P)
Faster return to feeding PO.
Why are pre-anesthetic fasting times not as long for pediatric patients? correct answers They are
at higher risk for suffering hypoglycemia.
What are the steps of anesthesia? correct answers Pre-anesthetic evaluation
Premedication period
Induction of anesthesia
Maintenance
Recovery
Post-anesthetic period
Why might geriatric and pediatric patients have increased a anesthetic risk? correct answers
Geriatric patients may have increased anesthetic risk due to less organ reserve, especially
cardiovascular, liver, and kidney.
, Pediatric patients may have increased risk from hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and decreased drug
metabolism.
What are the components of the minimum patient database in patient preparation? correct
answers Signalment(species, breed, age, sex/neuter status, temperature, BW and body condition
score)
History
Physical exam
Laboratory and diagnostic tests
How does temperment affect anesthetic management of a patient? correct answers Temperament:
aggressive/fractious temperament
Poses a danger to staff
Limits pre-anesthetic examination
Need for more potent drugs, higher doses or combinations for aggressive or overly fearful
animals.
What should be included in a thorough pre-anesthetic history? correct answers Evaluation of
underlying disease process (systemic effects, chronicity)
ID other abnormalities (Co-morbidities that may affect outcome of surgery).
Diet, exercise, environment
Past medical problems
Current medications (identify all prescribed & over-the-counter medications (including aspirin)
and supplements to avoid adverse drug interactions)
Past anesthesia -> any complications?
Explain the pre-emptive pain score? correct answers Assigns level of pain to
procedure/underlying disease
None, mild, moderate, severe
Allows for pre-emptive and intra-operative analgesic plan
How does the knowledge of the specific procedure assist with anesthetic planning? correct
answers Knowing the procedure can assist with anticipated level of pain and with risks of
hemorrhage and other complications. Also allows for the formation of the pre-emptive pain
score.
What do you primarily want to focus on for Anesthetic Physical exam after the FULL physical
exam? correct answers Concentrates on cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
What are the recommended pre-anesthetic laboratory data bases? correct answers Nroaml health
or with localized disease (<5 years old) = Big 4: PCV, TP, azostrip, blood glucose.
5-7 years: CBC, CHEM, Urinalysis even if status I or II (30% of geriatric dogs have subclinical
disease identified by pre-op blood work.
Understand the components of the 'Big 4' and think about how abnormalities may affect
anesthesia. correct answers The big 4:
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Versions GRADED A+
What is the definition of Anesthesia? correct answers Loss of sensation to all or part of the body.
Under general anesthesia the animal is unconscious and unaware of its surroundings.
What is the definition of Analgesia? correct answers "without pain".
Under analgesia or local anesthesia the animal shows diminished or no perception of pain.
What are the components of general anesthesia? correct answers Temporary reversible state of
drug intoxication of the CNS where the patient neither perceives nor recalls the painful stimulus
- consists of:
Unconsciousness (hypnosis, narcosis)
Muscle relaxation
Lack of pain (analgesia)
Loss of memory (amnesia)
Suppression of reflexes (motor, autonomic)
ALL WITHOUT HARMING THE PATIENT
What is pain? correct answers Pain is the CONSCIOUS perception of a noxious stimulus
What are the general principles of anesthesia? correct answers KNOW YOUR PATIENT
stabilize and correct abnormalities, prior to anesthesia
Be organized and efficient to minimize anesthesia time
Select anesthetic protocol based on patient, existing abnormalities, and to minimize adverse
effects
Identify and prepare for potential complications
Establish intravenous access whenever possible
Secure and maintain patent airway
Use supplemental oxygen when indicated and provide ventilatory support
Monitor vital body systems (cardiovasc, resp, CNS)
Identify and correct abnormalities that arise
Continue monitoring and support through recovery period
Use appropriate analgesia and sedation to minimize pain and distress.
Why is pre-anesthetic patient evaluation important? correct answers Identifies individual risk
factors
Underlying physiologic abnormalities
Contributes information for development of an individualized anesthetic plan.
,Why is pre-anesthetic fasting important? correct answers Decreases risk of regurgitation and
aspiration
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for dogs and cats correct answers 6-12 hours fast (overnight
recommended - no food after 10 PM)
Fast 4 hours up to 4 months of age - risk hypoglycemia.
Free access to water up until procedure.
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for horses? correct answers 6-12 hrs fast
Access to water
Do not vomit
Weight of GI contents increases pressure on diaphragm - limits lung expansion -> decreased
ventilation leading to decreased arterial O2 and increased arterial CO2 levels -> V/Q mismatch.
What are the fasting recommendations for ruminants correct answers Cattle: 24-48 hours food
12-24 water
Regurgitation and aspiration of rumen contents.
Bloat -> increased pressur eon diaphragm -> limits lung expansion -> decreased ventilation ->
decreased arterial O2 and increased arterial CO2 -> V/Q mismatch.
What is the pre-anesthetic fasting for small ruminants correct answers Sheep/goat
12-24 food +/- water
All ruminants less that 4 weeks fast only 2-4 hoiurs, nursing, monogastric, less prone to
regurgitation.
What is Maropitant? Explain its use as a peri-operative medication correct answers Maropitant
(Cerenia) is used in dogs and is a Neurokinin-1 antagonist for prevention of Peri-anesthetic
nausea and vomiting.
1 mg/kg subQ at least one hour before opioid premedication
Prevents vomiting and signs of nausea assocaited with opioid drugs
Provides adjunct analgesia (via blocking substance P)
Faster return to feeding PO.
Why are pre-anesthetic fasting times not as long for pediatric patients? correct answers They are
at higher risk for suffering hypoglycemia.
What are the steps of anesthesia? correct answers Pre-anesthetic evaluation
Premedication period
Induction of anesthesia
Maintenance
Recovery
Post-anesthetic period
Why might geriatric and pediatric patients have increased a anesthetic risk? correct answers
Geriatric patients may have increased anesthetic risk due to less organ reserve, especially
cardiovascular, liver, and kidney.
, Pediatric patients may have increased risk from hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and decreased drug
metabolism.
What are the components of the minimum patient database in patient preparation? correct
answers Signalment(species, breed, age, sex/neuter status, temperature, BW and body condition
score)
History
Physical exam
Laboratory and diagnostic tests
How does temperment affect anesthetic management of a patient? correct answers Temperament:
aggressive/fractious temperament
Poses a danger to staff
Limits pre-anesthetic examination
Need for more potent drugs, higher doses or combinations for aggressive or overly fearful
animals.
What should be included in a thorough pre-anesthetic history? correct answers Evaluation of
underlying disease process (systemic effects, chronicity)
ID other abnormalities (Co-morbidities that may affect outcome of surgery).
Diet, exercise, environment
Past medical problems
Current medications (identify all prescribed & over-the-counter medications (including aspirin)
and supplements to avoid adverse drug interactions)
Past anesthesia -> any complications?
Explain the pre-emptive pain score? correct answers Assigns level of pain to
procedure/underlying disease
None, mild, moderate, severe
Allows for pre-emptive and intra-operative analgesic plan
How does the knowledge of the specific procedure assist with anesthetic planning? correct
answers Knowing the procedure can assist with anticipated level of pain and with risks of
hemorrhage and other complications. Also allows for the formation of the pre-emptive pain
score.
What do you primarily want to focus on for Anesthetic Physical exam after the FULL physical
exam? correct answers Concentrates on cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
What are the recommended pre-anesthetic laboratory data bases? correct answers Nroaml health
or with localized disease (<5 years old) = Big 4: PCV, TP, azostrip, blood glucose.
5-7 years: CBC, CHEM, Urinalysis even if status I or II (30% of geriatric dogs have subclinical
disease identified by pre-op blood work.
Understand the components of the 'Big 4' and think about how abnormalities may affect
anesthesia. correct answers The big 4:
