NCE Exam Detailed Cheat Sheet
1. Human Development
Developmental Stages:
1. Infancy (0-2 years):
Rapid physical growth, development of motor skills
Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Attachment formation
2. Early Childhood (2-6 years):
Improved language skills, egocentric thinking
Development of self-concept, gender identity
Imaginative play, magical thinking
3. Middle Childhood (6-11 years):
Concrete operational thinking, conservation
Peer relationships become important
Development of self-esteem, moral reasoning
4. Adolescence (12-18 years):
Puberty, physical and hormonal changes
Identity formation, increased autonomy
Abstract thinking, idealism
5. Early Adulthood (18-40 years):
Career and relationship establishment
Intimacy vs. isolation (Erikson)
Peak physical condition
6. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years):
Generativity vs. stagnation (Erikson)
Potential midlife crisis, re-evaluation of goals
Gradual physical decline
7. Late Adulthood (65+ years):
Retirement, role changes
Integrity vs. despair (Erikson)
Coping with loss, life review
, Key Developmental Theories:
1. Erikson's Psychosocial Stages:
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
2. Piaget's Cognitive Stages:
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Object permanence, goal-directed behavior
Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thought, egocentrism
Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking about concrete objects
Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking
3. Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
Oral (0-1 year): Pleasure from mouth
Anal (1-3 years): Toilet training, control
Phallic (3-6 years): Oedipus/Electra complex
Latency (6-puberty): Dormant sexual feelings
Genital (puberty onward): Mature sexuality
4. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory:
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Scaffolding
Social interaction crucial for cognitive development
Cognitive & Emotional Development:
Executive functions develop throughout childhood and adolescence
Theory of mind emerges around age 4-5
Emotional regulation skills improve with age
Moral reasoning progresses from preconventional to conventional to postconventional
(Kohlberg)
Family Development:
Family Systems Theory: Views family as interconnected system
Family Life Cycle: Stages from couple formation to retirement
Parenting Styles (Baumrind): Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Neglectful
1. Human Development
Developmental Stages:
1. Infancy (0-2 years):
Rapid physical growth, development of motor skills
Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Attachment formation
2. Early Childhood (2-6 years):
Improved language skills, egocentric thinking
Development of self-concept, gender identity
Imaginative play, magical thinking
3. Middle Childhood (6-11 years):
Concrete operational thinking, conservation
Peer relationships become important
Development of self-esteem, moral reasoning
4. Adolescence (12-18 years):
Puberty, physical and hormonal changes
Identity formation, increased autonomy
Abstract thinking, idealism
5. Early Adulthood (18-40 years):
Career and relationship establishment
Intimacy vs. isolation (Erikson)
Peak physical condition
6. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years):
Generativity vs. stagnation (Erikson)
Potential midlife crisis, re-evaluation of goals
Gradual physical decline
7. Late Adulthood (65+ years):
Retirement, role changes
Integrity vs. despair (Erikson)
Coping with loss, life review
, Key Developmental Theories:
1. Erikson's Psychosocial Stages:
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
2. Piaget's Cognitive Stages:
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Object permanence, goal-directed behavior
Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thought, egocentrism
Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking about concrete objects
Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking
3. Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
Oral (0-1 year): Pleasure from mouth
Anal (1-3 years): Toilet training, control
Phallic (3-6 years): Oedipus/Electra complex
Latency (6-puberty): Dormant sexual feelings
Genital (puberty onward): Mature sexuality
4. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory:
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Scaffolding
Social interaction crucial for cognitive development
Cognitive & Emotional Development:
Executive functions develop throughout childhood and adolescence
Theory of mind emerges around age 4-5
Emotional regulation skills improve with age
Moral reasoning progresses from preconventional to conventional to postconventional
(Kohlberg)
Family Development:
Family Systems Theory: Views family as interconnected system
Family Life Cycle: Stages from couple formation to retirement
Parenting Styles (Baumrind): Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Neglectful
