Capstone ATI NCLEX Medical Surgical Assessment 1 || Over View and Questions and Answers.

Capstone ATI NCLEX Medical Surgical
Assessment 1
Overview

The Capstone ATI NCLEX Medical Surgical Assessment 1 is a comprehensive exam that
evaluates a student's knowledge and understanding of medical-surgical nursing concepts. This
assessment is designed to prepare students for the NCLEX-RN examination, which is the
national licensing exam for registered nurses in the United States. The assessment covers a wide
range of topics, including:

 Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
 Acid-base imbalances
 Cardiovascular disorders
 Respiratory disorders
 Gastrointestinal disorders
 Neurological disorders
 Endocrine disorders
 Renal and urinary disorders
 Musculoskeletal disorders
 Integumentary disorders
 Immune and infectious disorders
 Oncological disorders
 Emergency and disaster nursing

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
Fluid Imbalances

 Dehydration: Caused by excessive fluid loss, leading to decreased blood volume and
tissue perfusion.
o Signs and Symptoms: Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor,
tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, and confusion.
o Treatment: Fluid replacement, electrolyte monitoring, and addressing the
underlying cause.
 Overhydration: Caused by excessive fluid intake, leading to increased blood volume and
tissue edema.
o Signs and Symptoms: Edema, shortness of breath, crackles in the lungs, and
hypertension.
o Treatment: Fluid restriction, diuretic therapy, and addressing the underlying
cause.

Electrolyte Imbalances

 Sodium Imbalances:

, o Hyponatremia: Caused by decreased sodium levels, leading to fluid shifts and
cellular edema.
 Signs and Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, and
seizures.
 Treatment: Fluid restriction, sodium replacement, and addressing the
underlying cause.
o Hypernatremia: Caused by increased sodium levels, leading to fluid shifts and
cellular dehydration.
 Signs and Symptoms: Thirst, dry mucous membranes, confusion, and
seizures.
 Treatment: Fluid replacement, sodium restriction, and addressing the
underlying cause.
 Potassium Imbalances:
o Hypokalemia: Caused by decreased potassium levels, leading to muscle
weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.
 Signs and Symptoms: Muscle cramps, weakness, and cardiac
arrhythmias.
 Treatment: Potassium replacement and addressing the underlying cause.
o Hyperkalemia: Caused by increased potassium levels, leading to cardiac
conduction disturbances and muscle weakness.
 Signs and Symptoms: Muscle weakness, nausea, and cardiac
arrhythmias.
 Treatment: Calcium administration, insulin and glucose therapy, and
addressing the underlying cause.

Acid-Base Imbalances
Metabolic Acidosis

 Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure, and ingestion of certain
substances.
 Signs and Symptoms: Rapid breathing, fruity breath odor, nausea, and confusion.
 Treatment: Addressing the underlying cause, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and
administration of bicarbonate if necessary.

Metabolic Alkalosis

 Causes: Vomiting, diuretic therapy, and excessive antacid use.
 Signs and Symptoms: Muscle cramps, tetany, and cardiac arrhythmias.
 Treatment: Addressing the underlying cause, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and
administration of chloride if necessary.

Respiratory Acidosis

 Causes: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuromuscular disorders, and
respiratory depression.
 Signs and Symptoms: Headache, confusion, and drowsiness.