,•
Evolution and Natural Selection : Sept 15,2020
Human
beings developed from earlier species of animals
-
.
if i
Evolution by natural selection happen
°
can
① Variation members i
of a
species differ in some of their characteristics .
( ex .
ladybug color patterns)
② Hereditary -
.
parents are able to pass on some of their distinctive characteristics to their
offspring
③ Differences in reproductive success
-
. some individuals have more surviving offspring than others in the
population , due to distinctive characteristics .
Natural selection
•
i
act primarily individuals
-
on .
-
group selection is rare ( species , group , population)
-
traits are not present for the good of the species i
① Social pathology hypothesis
-
. infanticide is
↳ ex .
infanticide by male langur monkeys abnormal pathological response to overcrowding
,
in areas where they are fed by humans . Non -
erol .
-
males fight to monopolize reproduction
with the females .
-
it the dominant male of the
group is replaced , ② Population regulation hypothesis infanticide prevents :
the dominant male will spend much of its
new
time and energy
trying to kill the infants of the langur group from becoming too big Evolutionary .
group
group selection
.
.
-
females often join forces to fight and defend infants .
Scientific Method i ③ Quicker reproduction
hypothesis infanticide
° -
. boosts
①Observation ② Question →
→ ③ Hypothesis → ⑨ Prediction reproductive success of new dominant male . When
t lactating infant is killed its mother
, might resume
⑥ Theory ←
⑤ Test
her reproductive cycle sooner and thus become
3
ways to study animal behavior
• -
impregnated sooner by the new dominant male
.
.
① Observational method observe e record w/o manipulation Evolutionary
:
individual selection
.
.
-
② Experimental method manipulate IV ↳ Mobbing in Gulls :
:
.
③ Comparative method -
.
compare results ① Observation aggressive :
behavior during nesting season .
→
ancestral species ② Question : does aggressive behavior inc .
reproductive success
→ extant currents species ③ Hypothesis : predator distraction hypothesis i distract
physiological predators to increase survival offspring
④ anatomical , ,
behavioral but mostly DNA . ⑨ Prediction egg hunting -
.
-
crows prey on
eggs .
⑤ Experimental test i manipulate 2 variable
↳ placed chicken eggs near nest .
egg inside colony attack on
-
→ crow .
, Sept It , 2020
°
Levels of Analysis : the cause of
any behavior
°
Birdsong si
p for mating
"
can be understood at 4 levels of analysis ( unlearned ) but
"
all birds have calls only song
-
. -
birds learn true
" "
songs
① Ultimate : phylogeny
.
and function
song dialects
.
↳ diff regions → diff .
② Proximate development
-
. and immediate causation -
④ White crowned sparrow
-
.
birds from diff have diff
regions sequences
-
.
a
Proximate :D diff regions → diff genetics
② environmental influence
o isolation experiment i -
collected eggs ( males )
-
raised in soundproof chambers .
④ 150 days strange songs but i
similar to normal .
i
-
need environment to learn .
-
played tape of dialect from
diff region → can 't learn other
species song from tape .
I only live)
② ③ ⑨ ④ old birds didn't learn .
•
can learn songs of own and diff dialect b/w 10-50
days
but not of a diff species ( but once learned own song ,
.
°
What causes animal behavior ? they can learn tones of diff
species I
10 50 days learn and encode 150 days
sings 200A sing full song
° -
: →
- -
. .
'
④ WCSP males could learn live strawberry finches (other species)
song if interacted visually and vocally .
( tutored i can learn
other species song even after 50 day period)
e
In the wild some adult WPCS males will change
.
song slightly
to match WPCS neighbors .
. What causes prairie voles to be monogamous ?
④ Proximate cause
-
.
④ fnaeIw
votes
monogamous (normal )
→
non -
more
vasopressin ( Via )
R
male voles : receptors for bonding
-
T
-
monogamous : high in ventral pallidum
-
non -
monogamous i high in lateral septum y
less
bonding
② Development
-
.
DNA elements that affect
genetics : regulatory
-
receptor
expression
④ Ultimate
.
cause :
③ Phylogeny evolutionary change
:
Evolution and Natural Selection : Sept 15,2020
Human
beings developed from earlier species of animals
-
.
if i
Evolution by natural selection happen
°
can
① Variation members i
of a
species differ in some of their characteristics .
( ex .
ladybug color patterns)
② Hereditary -
.
parents are able to pass on some of their distinctive characteristics to their
offspring
③ Differences in reproductive success
-
. some individuals have more surviving offspring than others in the
population , due to distinctive characteristics .
Natural selection
•
i
act primarily individuals
-
on .
-
group selection is rare ( species , group , population)
-
traits are not present for the good of the species i
① Social pathology hypothesis
-
. infanticide is
↳ ex .
infanticide by male langur monkeys abnormal pathological response to overcrowding
,
in areas where they are fed by humans . Non -
erol .
-
males fight to monopolize reproduction
with the females .
-
it the dominant male of the
group is replaced , ② Population regulation hypothesis infanticide prevents :
the dominant male will spend much of its
new
time and energy
trying to kill the infants of the langur group from becoming too big Evolutionary .
group
group selection
.
.
-
females often join forces to fight and defend infants .
Scientific Method i ③ Quicker reproduction
hypothesis infanticide
° -
. boosts
①Observation ② Question →
→ ③ Hypothesis → ⑨ Prediction reproductive success of new dominant male . When
t lactating infant is killed its mother
, might resume
⑥ Theory ←
⑤ Test
her reproductive cycle sooner and thus become
3
ways to study animal behavior
• -
impregnated sooner by the new dominant male
.
.
① Observational method observe e record w/o manipulation Evolutionary
:
individual selection
.
.
-
② Experimental method manipulate IV ↳ Mobbing in Gulls :
:
.
③ Comparative method -
.
compare results ① Observation aggressive :
behavior during nesting season .
→
ancestral species ② Question : does aggressive behavior inc .
reproductive success
→ extant currents species ③ Hypothesis : predator distraction hypothesis i distract
physiological predators to increase survival offspring
④ anatomical , ,
behavioral but mostly DNA . ⑨ Prediction egg hunting -
.
-
crows prey on
eggs .
⑤ Experimental test i manipulate 2 variable
↳ placed chicken eggs near nest .
egg inside colony attack on
-
→ crow .
, Sept It , 2020
°
Levels of Analysis : the cause of
any behavior
°
Birdsong si
p for mating
"
can be understood at 4 levels of analysis ( unlearned ) but
"
all birds have calls only song
-
. -
birds learn true
" "
songs
① Ultimate : phylogeny
.
and function
song dialects
.
↳ diff regions → diff .
② Proximate development
-
. and immediate causation -
④ White crowned sparrow
-
.
birds from diff have diff
regions sequences
-
.
a
Proximate :D diff regions → diff genetics
② environmental influence
o isolation experiment i -
collected eggs ( males )
-
raised in soundproof chambers .
④ 150 days strange songs but i
similar to normal .
i
-
need environment to learn .
-
played tape of dialect from
diff region → can 't learn other
species song from tape .
I only live)
② ③ ⑨ ④ old birds didn't learn .
•
can learn songs of own and diff dialect b/w 10-50
days
but not of a diff species ( but once learned own song ,
.
°
What causes animal behavior ? they can learn tones of diff
species I
10 50 days learn and encode 150 days
sings 200A sing full song
° -
: →
- -
. .
'
④ WCSP males could learn live strawberry finches (other species)
song if interacted visually and vocally .
( tutored i can learn
other species song even after 50 day period)
e
In the wild some adult WPCS males will change
.
song slightly
to match WPCS neighbors .
. What causes prairie voles to be monogamous ?
④ Proximate cause
-
.
④ fnaeIw
votes
monogamous (normal )
→
non -
more
vasopressin ( Via )
R
male voles : receptors for bonding
-
T
-
monogamous : high in ventral pallidum
-
non -
monogamous i high in lateral septum y
less
bonding
② Development
-
.
DNA elements that affect
genetics : regulatory
-
receptor
expression
④ Ultimate
.
cause :
③ Phylogeny evolutionary change
:
