Nutrition, Exercise, and Health
Lipid -✅✅-Chemical term for fat, providing texture, flavor, and aroma to foods.
Triglycerides - ✅✅-Major lipid form with three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Monoglyceride - ✅✅-Glycerol molecule with one attached fatty acid.
Diglyceride - ✅✅-Glycerol molecule with two attached fatty acids.
Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Chains varying in length, categorized as short, medium, or long chain.
Saturated Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Contain carbons bound to two hydrogens, stable, found in
animal fats.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Contain some unsaturated carbons, include omega-3 and
omega-6.
Trans Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Created by hydrogenation, raise LDL cholesterol, found in
processed foods.
Phospholipids - ✅✅-Lipids with a phosphate group, form cell membranes' lipid bilayer.
✅✅-Lipids in plants and animals, cholesterol is a type found in animals.
Sterols -
Cholesterol - ✅✅-Sterol found in animal cell membranes, high dietary intake linked to heart
disease.
Lipoproteins - ✅✅-Transport particles for lipids, composed of lipids, phospholipids, and
proteins.
Chylomicrons - ✅✅-Transport diet-derived lipids and triglycerides into the lymphatic
system.
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) - ✅✅-Contain less triglyceride, deliver cholesterol to cells,
high levels linked to heart disease.
LDL Cholesterol - ✅✅-Excess leads to high LDL levels in blood.
HDL Cholesterol - ✅✅-Transports cholesterol back to the liver for elimination.
Adipose Tissue - ✅✅-Defines body shape, stores energy, and protects organs.
Cholesterol Functions - ✅✅-Used for hormone synthesis, lubrication, and cell membrane
structure.
Essential Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Critical for growth, skin health, and cell membrane function.
, ✅✅-Regulate blood clotting, pressure, and immune function.
Eicosanoids -
Omega-3 Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Reduce cardiovascular risk, inflammation, and cognitive
decline.
Omega-6 Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Commonly found in vegetable oils, impact inflammation.
Fatty Acid Energy Production - ✅✅-Fatty acids and glycerol produce ATP through
beta-oxidation.
Ketogenesis - ✅✅-Pathway for Acetyl-CoA production during low-carb states.
Cardiovascular Disease - ✅✅-Over 83 million Americans affected by various forms.
Atherosclerosis - ✅✅-Deposition of lipids and fibrous materials in artery walls
Risk Factors for Heart Disease - ✅✅-Include age, gender, high blood pressure,
overweight, blood lipid levels, smoking, activity, diet, and genetic background
Mediterranean Diet Pyramid - ✅✅ -Diet emphasizing whole foods, plant foods, B vitamins,
antioxidants, moderate alcohol, and fiber
Alcohol Absorption - ✅✅ -Rapid absorption by diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract, with
90% metabolized by the liver
Alcohol Metabolism - ✅✅
-Involves two primary pathways: cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase
(ADH) and Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption - ✅✅ -Interfere with organ function, chronic
consumption affects nutritional status and produces toxic compounds
Alcoholism - ✅✅ -Long-term excessive consumption causes malnutrition, liver damage,
heart disease, stroke, and increased cancer risk
Moderate Drinking Benefits - ✅✅ -Benefits include reduced risk for heart disease and
stroke, especially with a combination of alcohol and phytochemicals
Safe Drinking - ✅✅-Some should avoid alcohol; if consumed, do so in moderation, slowly,
and with meals
✅✅-Rare in the US; mostly from animal foods.
Protein Deficiency -
Plant Proteins - ✅✅-Common in world; from grains and veggies.
Essential Amino Acids - ✅✅-Cannot be synthesized sufficiently by the body.
Lipid -✅✅-Chemical term for fat, providing texture, flavor, and aroma to foods.
Triglycerides - ✅✅-Major lipid form with three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Monoglyceride - ✅✅-Glycerol molecule with one attached fatty acid.
Diglyceride - ✅✅-Glycerol molecule with two attached fatty acids.
Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Chains varying in length, categorized as short, medium, or long chain.
Saturated Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Contain carbons bound to two hydrogens, stable, found in
animal fats.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Contain some unsaturated carbons, include omega-3 and
omega-6.
Trans Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Created by hydrogenation, raise LDL cholesterol, found in
processed foods.
Phospholipids - ✅✅-Lipids with a phosphate group, form cell membranes' lipid bilayer.
✅✅-Lipids in plants and animals, cholesterol is a type found in animals.
Sterols -
Cholesterol - ✅✅-Sterol found in animal cell membranes, high dietary intake linked to heart
disease.
Lipoproteins - ✅✅-Transport particles for lipids, composed of lipids, phospholipids, and
proteins.
Chylomicrons - ✅✅-Transport diet-derived lipids and triglycerides into the lymphatic
system.
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) - ✅✅-Contain less triglyceride, deliver cholesterol to cells,
high levels linked to heart disease.
LDL Cholesterol - ✅✅-Excess leads to high LDL levels in blood.
HDL Cholesterol - ✅✅-Transports cholesterol back to the liver for elimination.
Adipose Tissue - ✅✅-Defines body shape, stores energy, and protects organs.
Cholesterol Functions - ✅✅-Used for hormone synthesis, lubrication, and cell membrane
structure.
Essential Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Critical for growth, skin health, and cell membrane function.
, ✅✅-Regulate blood clotting, pressure, and immune function.
Eicosanoids -
Omega-3 Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Reduce cardiovascular risk, inflammation, and cognitive
decline.
Omega-6 Fatty Acids - ✅✅-Commonly found in vegetable oils, impact inflammation.
Fatty Acid Energy Production - ✅✅-Fatty acids and glycerol produce ATP through
beta-oxidation.
Ketogenesis - ✅✅-Pathway for Acetyl-CoA production during low-carb states.
Cardiovascular Disease - ✅✅-Over 83 million Americans affected by various forms.
Atherosclerosis - ✅✅-Deposition of lipids and fibrous materials in artery walls
Risk Factors for Heart Disease - ✅✅-Include age, gender, high blood pressure,
overweight, blood lipid levels, smoking, activity, diet, and genetic background
Mediterranean Diet Pyramid - ✅✅ -Diet emphasizing whole foods, plant foods, B vitamins,
antioxidants, moderate alcohol, and fiber
Alcohol Absorption - ✅✅ -Rapid absorption by diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract, with
90% metabolized by the liver
Alcohol Metabolism - ✅✅
-Involves two primary pathways: cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase
(ADH) and Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption - ✅✅ -Interfere with organ function, chronic
consumption affects nutritional status and produces toxic compounds
Alcoholism - ✅✅ -Long-term excessive consumption causes malnutrition, liver damage,
heart disease, stroke, and increased cancer risk
Moderate Drinking Benefits - ✅✅ -Benefits include reduced risk for heart disease and
stroke, especially with a combination of alcohol and phytochemicals
Safe Drinking - ✅✅-Some should avoid alcohol; if consumed, do so in moderation, slowly,
and with meals
✅✅-Rare in the US; mostly from animal foods.
Protein Deficiency -
Plant Proteins - ✅✅-Common in world; from grains and veggies.
Essential Amino Acids - ✅✅-Cannot be synthesized sufficiently by the body.
