HTHS 1111 Midterm Exam Questions and
Answers 2024 Graded A
Afferent - Signal to the brain, input
Efferent - motor, output
sensory receptors - receptors of the nervous system
Control center of CNS - Brain
Effectors of nervous system - muscles and glands
transduction - How sensory information is received
What is the CNS composed of? - brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS composed of? - cranial nerves III-XII, Spinal nerves, ganglia,
enteric plexuses, sensory receptors
ganglion - collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Nucleus - collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
Plexuses - network of neurons that wall the digestive organs
Where do neurons gather information? - dendrites
If information must travel a long distance the axon is... - myelinated
Uni polar neurons do not.. - process signals
Purkinje cells have large - dendritic trees
pyramidial cells have small - dendritic trees
Nerves - bundles of axons traveling together in the PNS
,Tract - Bundles of axons traveling together in the CNS
Sodium concentration - Inside: 10
Outside:140
Potassium concentration - Inside: 140
Outside:4
chloride concentration - Inside: 20
Outside: 103
Calcium concentration - Inside: 0
Outside: 5
Concentration forces - either from areas of high concentration to low, or low to
high. depends of gradient
Electrical forces - opposites attract
Stimulus - at beginning
threshold - the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Depolarization - The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing
into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
repolarizing phase - Decrease in Na+ permeability and an increase in K+
permeability
hyperpolarizing - overshoot, K+ channels are open, Na channels are in resting state
-70 - resting potential
-55 - threshold
sodium-potassium pump - 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
absolute refactory - cannot fire new action potential
, Relative Refactory Phase - At or below resting potential, new action can begin
presynaptic cell - The cell sending information
postsynaptic cell - The cell receiving the information
synaptic vesicles - Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized
neurotransmitters are kept.
transmitter receptors - receive neurotransmitters from axon terminals
Reuptake pumps - remove transmitter from the synaptic cleft and re-use it
inactivating enzyme - can terminate action of transmitter so that it does not stay in
the cleft and continually re-bind the receptor
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - K+ leaves cell, making it more negative
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - post synaptic cells charge becomes more
positive with Na+
mechanically gated channels - open and close in response to physical touch of
receptors
voltage gated channels - open and close in response to changes in membrane
potential
Action potential vs graded potential - Action potentials have a shorter range, and
are all or nothing.
Norepinephrine target and location - Blood pressure, Autonomic NS
Epinephrine target and location - Fight-or-flight response, Adrenal medulla
Dopamine target and location - smoothing movement, substantia nigra
Serotonin target and location - regulating mood, raphe nuclei
cervical vertebrae - C1-C7
Answers 2024 Graded A
Afferent - Signal to the brain, input
Efferent - motor, output
sensory receptors - receptors of the nervous system
Control center of CNS - Brain
Effectors of nervous system - muscles and glands
transduction - How sensory information is received
What is the CNS composed of? - brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS composed of? - cranial nerves III-XII, Spinal nerves, ganglia,
enteric plexuses, sensory receptors
ganglion - collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Nucleus - collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
Plexuses - network of neurons that wall the digestive organs
Where do neurons gather information? - dendrites
If information must travel a long distance the axon is... - myelinated
Uni polar neurons do not.. - process signals
Purkinje cells have large - dendritic trees
pyramidial cells have small - dendritic trees
Nerves - bundles of axons traveling together in the PNS
,Tract - Bundles of axons traveling together in the CNS
Sodium concentration - Inside: 10
Outside:140
Potassium concentration - Inside: 140
Outside:4
chloride concentration - Inside: 20
Outside: 103
Calcium concentration - Inside: 0
Outside: 5
Concentration forces - either from areas of high concentration to low, or low to
high. depends of gradient
Electrical forces - opposites attract
Stimulus - at beginning
threshold - the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Depolarization - The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing
into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
repolarizing phase - Decrease in Na+ permeability and an increase in K+
permeability
hyperpolarizing - overshoot, K+ channels are open, Na channels are in resting state
-70 - resting potential
-55 - threshold
sodium-potassium pump - 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
absolute refactory - cannot fire new action potential
, Relative Refactory Phase - At or below resting potential, new action can begin
presynaptic cell - The cell sending information
postsynaptic cell - The cell receiving the information
synaptic vesicles - Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized
neurotransmitters are kept.
transmitter receptors - receive neurotransmitters from axon terminals
Reuptake pumps - remove transmitter from the synaptic cleft and re-use it
inactivating enzyme - can terminate action of transmitter so that it does not stay in
the cleft and continually re-bind the receptor
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - K+ leaves cell, making it more negative
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - post synaptic cells charge becomes more
positive with Na+
mechanically gated channels - open and close in response to physical touch of
receptors
voltage gated channels - open and close in response to changes in membrane
potential
Action potential vs graded potential - Action potentials have a shorter range, and
are all or nothing.
Norepinephrine target and location - Blood pressure, Autonomic NS
Epinephrine target and location - Fight-or-flight response, Adrenal medulla
Dopamine target and location - smoothing movement, substantia nigra
Serotonin target and location - regulating mood, raphe nuclei
cervical vertebrae - C1-C7
