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Module 7: Technology, Trade, and Exchange 7.1 Lithic Technology: Stone Tools Lithic Technology: making stone tools : -Pre-Olduwan (Ethiopia) ^~3.3 million years old -Oldowan Industry: (oldest stone tools known) ^Earliest stone tools was found at the Gona sites (2.6 mya) ^made by the Australopithecus garhi -Manufacturing/Reduction Technologies made: ^Flaked Stone ^Ground Stone These First appears during late Paleolithic Flaked Stone (Flintknapping) Cores and Flakes 2 | P a g e Suitable materials: (what is needed in order to make stone tools): ^are Isotropic, ^and Cryptocrystaline. ^it Produces conchoidal fracture (which are shell-shaped fractured which creates what's needed to make a stone stool) ^Glass, obsidian, chert, flint, basalt, andesite, chalcedony, quartzite Flaked Stone has Distinctive Breakage Patterns: : When a stone is knapped, it will fracture the surface into a shape much like a shell. ^----Bulb of Percussion: the process of smashing the rock with another rock ^The bulb of percussion is located on the ventral side of a flake on the proximal end. ^The bulb of percussion is formed through the percussion of the hammer stone. ^The bulb of percussion can be present, absent, or defused; ad these types of bulbs made will indicate the type of percussion used (i.e. hard (using another rock to smash it) or soft hammer (smashing wood to the rock) will create different types of bulb of percussion. 3 | P a g e Flaked Stone (Flintknapping): Cores (the main part of the rock)~ (the flakes break off from this core of the rock). The flakes are the best to use in stone tools since they are very sharp. ^Simple flakes (most of us can make these types of flakes) ^Complex flakes (most skilled craftsman can make) (Prepared blade cores)-blade cutting tools (Levallois)-technique in which you strike the core to make a very specific flake which takes more time to do. Flake: what is a flake that breaks off the rocks : -A flake is any piece of stone that has been chipped away from another piece of stone. -Flakes occur in many different forms (big and thin, small and thick, etc. Flakes of the rocks are the piece used in stone tools because they're sharp Flake Terminology: 4 | P a g e : -Proximal End: the location of the end of the flake/blade where the removal blow was struck (where the part of the rock gets hit) to give us the flake. ^^^The proximal end contains the butt and the bulb of percussion and is therefore sometimes referred to as a bulbar end. -Distal End: the location of the rock that is the end of a flake or blade opposite to the point of impact. -Dorsal Surface: outer or upper side of the flake or blade which carries the scars and ridges of previous removals. (Back side of the rock) -Ventral Surface: surface of the flake or blade which originally faced into the nodule/core. (Front side of the rock) Flaked Stone (created by the process of Flintknapping) ^Flake features: -Bulb of percussion Flaked Stone (Flintknapping) ^Flake features: -Bulb of percussion -Striking platform (where the actual impact happens) Flaked Stone (Flintknapping) ^Flake features: -Bulb of percus