Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
Yeast cell mating communication
● Exchange mating factors
○ Secretes mating factor binding to the other cells receptors (a or α)
● Mating
○ Binding creates changes causing the cell to fuse together
● New a/α cell
○ Nucleus fuse
○ Includes both cells’ genes
Conversion of external signal to response
● Signal transduction pathway
○ Signal received at cell’s surface is transduced into another form
● Paracrine signaling
○ Form of cell signaling
○ Cellular communication across short distances
● Endocrine signaling
○ Long distance signaling
○ Uses hormones
● Synaptic signaling
○ Cell signaling over a synapse
Hormone travel to target cell
● Long distance traveling
● Vary in size
● Cells respond with correct specific receptor molecule which signal molecules
bind to
Animal cells
● Travels via
○ Circulatory system
○ Nervous system
■ (converts from chemical to electric signal in synaptic cleft)
Plant hormones
● Vessel travel
● Move through cells
● Diffuse as gas
, Cell signal design
● Reception -
○ Target cell’s detection
○ Signal molecule binds to protein receptor
■ Inside or outside cell
● Transduction -
○ Changes receptor protein
○ Converts signal to another form to create cellular response
■ single /series of steps
○ Signal transduction pathway
■ Pathway molecules known as relay molecules
● Response -
○ Triggers specific cellular response
■ (ex. Catalysis, rearrangement, gene activation)
○ Helps cellular coordination
Reception
● Reception depends on receiver
● Receptor protein allows target cell to “hear” the signal
● Signal receptors
○ Located in or on target cells
○ Plasma membrane proteins
Ligand Receptor
○ A molecules that specifically binds to another molecule
○ Binding causes receptor protein to change shape
■ Potentially activates the receptor
Cell-Surface Receptors
G Protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
● Works with help of G protein
○ G protein binds the GTP molecule
● Vary in binding sites for signal molecules
● Eukaryotic receptor proteins
○ Secondary structure
● Loops between helices form binding sites
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
Yeast cell mating communication
● Exchange mating factors
○ Secretes mating factor binding to the other cells receptors (a or α)
● Mating
○ Binding creates changes causing the cell to fuse together
● New a/α cell
○ Nucleus fuse
○ Includes both cells’ genes
Conversion of external signal to response
● Signal transduction pathway
○ Signal received at cell’s surface is transduced into another form
● Paracrine signaling
○ Form of cell signaling
○ Cellular communication across short distances
● Endocrine signaling
○ Long distance signaling
○ Uses hormones
● Synaptic signaling
○ Cell signaling over a synapse
Hormone travel to target cell
● Long distance traveling
● Vary in size
● Cells respond with correct specific receptor molecule which signal molecules
bind to
Animal cells
● Travels via
○ Circulatory system
○ Nervous system
■ (converts from chemical to electric signal in synaptic cleft)
Plant hormones
● Vessel travel
● Move through cells
● Diffuse as gas
, Cell signal design
● Reception -
○ Target cell’s detection
○ Signal molecule binds to protein receptor
■ Inside or outside cell
● Transduction -
○ Changes receptor protein
○ Converts signal to another form to create cellular response
■ single /series of steps
○ Signal transduction pathway
■ Pathway molecules known as relay molecules
● Response -
○ Triggers specific cellular response
■ (ex. Catalysis, rearrangement, gene activation)
○ Helps cellular coordination
Reception
● Reception depends on receiver
● Receptor protein allows target cell to “hear” the signal
● Signal receptors
○ Located in or on target cells
○ Plasma membrane proteins
Ligand Receptor
○ A molecules that specifically binds to another molecule
○ Binding causes receptor protein to change shape
■ Potentially activates the receptor
Cell-Surface Receptors
G Protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
● Works with help of G protein
○ G protein binds the GTP molecule
● Vary in binding sites for signal molecules
● Eukaryotic receptor proteins
○ Secondary structure
● Loops between helices form binding sites
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
