Distillation
Distillation:
It is the process of refining more than one liquid by the process of heating and cooling.
There are two types of distillation simple and fractional distillation.
Simple distillation:
It separates liquid from a solution e.g., separating water from salt solution. It works by
heating the solution when liquid has a lower boiling point than the solution so the liquid will
evaporate making it way in the condensation tube. At the end of the condensation tube, you
would have a beaker in which water would drip in the beaker. The rest of the solution would be
left in the flask separating liquid and the solution.
Fractional distillation:
It purifies two or more liquids from a mixture of liquids e.g., separating crude oil.
Crude oil is a mixture of crude oil. It is separated into different tubes as different tubes are set
at different temperatures. As one of the liquids starts to evaporate and reaches it fractional
tube, it is taken out from the tube as a separate liquid. This happens to all the different liquids
found in crude oil until they are separated.
Scientific Principles for simple distillation:
In simple distillation you should be careful about different temperatures. If one liquid is not
separated and the other solid starts to rise, the liquid will not separate from the solution.
Make sure cold water is running through the condenser so the vapor can turn into liquid and
separate.
Scientific principles of fractional distillation:
In fractional distillation you should be careful about different temperatures. If one liquid is not
separated from the solution and the other liquid starts to rise, the liquid will not separate from
the solution of liquids.
Icy water is running through the condenser all time
What is ethyl ethanoate?
Ethyl ethanol is formed by the formation of ethanoic acid and ethanol. The formula of ethyl
ethanoate is C4H8O2. It is usually used as a solvent in different reactions. It is colourless, sweet
in smell, which is usually used in nail paint removers, glues, perfumes etc.
, Describe the industrial manufacture and testing of ethyl ethanoate including raw materials,
equipment, and scale of production
There are three methods of industrial manufacture of ethyl ethanoate.
The first method is ‘classical Fischer esterification process of ethanol with acetic acid in
presence of acid catalyst'. In this process there is need of catalyst 2 such as hydrochloride,
sulphuric acid etc. This mixture converts into ester in about 65% of the yield of the room
temperature. The chemical formula for this is CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ↔ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
The reactions can be speeded by adding catalysts.
The second method is ‘Tishchenko Reaction of acetaldehyde’ In this reaction there is use of
aluminium Tri ethoxide as a catalyst. This uses two ways. One of them is ‘using dehydrogenative
process,’ this uses copper or palladium-based catalyst. The second one is using oxidative
catalyst. This helps palladium oxide catalysts. The raw material used is Acetaldehyde.
The last method is the ‘addition of acetic acid to ethylene using clay and heteropoly acid7 as a
catalyst’ The chemical formula for this is CH2= CH2 + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5.
One of the ways to test ethyl ethanoate is looking at infrared spectrum and the other one is
checking the boiling point.
Raw materials used:
Sulfuric acid
Acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
Ethanol
Equipment used:
Condenser
Pump
Distillation:
It is the process of refining more than one liquid by the process of heating and cooling.
There are two types of distillation simple and fractional distillation.
Simple distillation:
It separates liquid from a solution e.g., separating water from salt solution. It works by
heating the solution when liquid has a lower boiling point than the solution so the liquid will
evaporate making it way in the condensation tube. At the end of the condensation tube, you
would have a beaker in which water would drip in the beaker. The rest of the solution would be
left in the flask separating liquid and the solution.
Fractional distillation:
It purifies two or more liquids from a mixture of liquids e.g., separating crude oil.
Crude oil is a mixture of crude oil. It is separated into different tubes as different tubes are set
at different temperatures. As one of the liquids starts to evaporate and reaches it fractional
tube, it is taken out from the tube as a separate liquid. This happens to all the different liquids
found in crude oil until they are separated.
Scientific Principles for simple distillation:
In simple distillation you should be careful about different temperatures. If one liquid is not
separated and the other solid starts to rise, the liquid will not separate from the solution.
Make sure cold water is running through the condenser so the vapor can turn into liquid and
separate.
Scientific principles of fractional distillation:
In fractional distillation you should be careful about different temperatures. If one liquid is not
separated from the solution and the other liquid starts to rise, the liquid will not separate from
the solution of liquids.
Icy water is running through the condenser all time
What is ethyl ethanoate?
Ethyl ethanol is formed by the formation of ethanoic acid and ethanol. The formula of ethyl
ethanoate is C4H8O2. It is usually used as a solvent in different reactions. It is colourless, sweet
in smell, which is usually used in nail paint removers, glues, perfumes etc.
, Describe the industrial manufacture and testing of ethyl ethanoate including raw materials,
equipment, and scale of production
There are three methods of industrial manufacture of ethyl ethanoate.
The first method is ‘classical Fischer esterification process of ethanol with acetic acid in
presence of acid catalyst'. In this process there is need of catalyst 2 such as hydrochloride,
sulphuric acid etc. This mixture converts into ester in about 65% of the yield of the room
temperature. The chemical formula for this is CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ↔ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
The reactions can be speeded by adding catalysts.
The second method is ‘Tishchenko Reaction of acetaldehyde’ In this reaction there is use of
aluminium Tri ethoxide as a catalyst. This uses two ways. One of them is ‘using dehydrogenative
process,’ this uses copper or palladium-based catalyst. The second one is using oxidative
catalyst. This helps palladium oxide catalysts. The raw material used is Acetaldehyde.
The last method is the ‘addition of acetic acid to ethylene using clay and heteropoly acid7 as a
catalyst’ The chemical formula for this is CH2= CH2 + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5.
One of the ways to test ethyl ethanoate is looking at infrared spectrum and the other one is
checking the boiling point.
Raw materials used:
Sulfuric acid
Acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
Ethanol
Equipment used:
Condenser
Pump
