UT High School World History A Final Exam Thorough Review

UT High School World History A Final Exam Thorough Review Pre-history - the period of time before written records Lucy - 3.2 million year old skeleton found in Africa by Donald Johanser The pre-history people were this - Hunter-gatherers (nomadic) Stone Age - When people began using bone and stone tools Archaeology - Study of past human material remains Anthropology - Study of human society, culture, and development Humans originated from here - Africa (eastern + southern) Bipedalism - Ability to walk on two legs Neolithic Revolution - (10,000 - 8,000 BC) When humans began using agriculture and domesticating animals What makes a civilization? (8) - (1) government (2) religion (3) social classes (4) arts (5) cities (6) specialization (7) writing (8) infrastructure What led to social classes? - Specialization of labor How did the Neolithic revolution contribute to the rise of civilizations? - Agriculture caused families to grow into tribes which grew into civilizations Economics - How we consume, produce, and manage goods and services Economic progression is often tied to this - Societal growth and imperial expansion Early specializations of labor (4) (social classes formed from these) - (1) Farmer (2) Warrior (3) Religious leader (4) Artisan Writing is important to civilization for these reasons (4) - (1) Codification of laws (2) Record-keeping (3) Birth of literature (4) Sharing of culture Social Class - How people are divided by income and labor The River Valley Civilizations were located here - Rivers valleys in Africa and Asia Dynasty - A family of rulers Cuneiform - the world's first system of writing (from the Middle East) Metallurgy - the science of working with metals Polytheism - Belief in many gods Sanskrit - Language of ancient India Theocracy - A government controlled by religious leaders Ziggurat - Mesopotamian temple tower The major River Valley Regions (4) - (1) Egypt (Nile) (2) Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates) (3) India (Indus) (4) China (Yangtze) Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) - Between Tigris/Euphrates in modern Iraq Advancements of Mesopotamia (6) - (1) Irrigation (2) Drainage (3) Wheel (4) Sail (5) Plow (6) Writing Sumerians may have come from this region - Caucasus Mountain Region Sumerian Government - Theocracy Sumerian Religion - Polytheism Sumerian writing system - Cuneiform Sumerian Social Classes (7) - (1) Royals (2) Officials (3) Priests (4) Scribes (5) Merchants (6) Peasants (7) Slaves Legal code (criminal and civil law) was created by this empire ("eye for an eye") - Babylonian Empire Babylonian Kings (3) - (1) Hammurabi (2) Cyrus (3) Darius Babylonian Trade - Vast trade network through Mediterranean Sea The Babylonian Empire was known for these (3) - (1) Size (2) Wealth (3) Cosmopolitan nature The 365-day calendar was made here - Egypt (to anticipate floods) 1st Period of History - Old Kingdom ( BC) Egyptian Kingdoms (3) - Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom