Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice ALL CHAPTERS The consensus model is a model which: - A majority of citizens in society agree on what activities should be outlawed and punished as crimes An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions is: - A crime Which of the following is NOT one of the components in the integrated definition of crime? - Considered an offense against an individual, but prosecuted by the state who is paid by the victim Which of the following is true regarding deviance? - Deviance is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society Police powers allow states to enact laws necessary to protect the ___ of their citizens. - Health, morals, safety ___ investigate most crimes and attempt to deter crime through patrol activities. - Local Police Which agency operates throughout the United States? - DEA, FBI, ATF The United States has a ___ Court System. - Dual Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, she or he is delegated to the ___ System. - Corrections The most common correctional treatment, which allows the offender to return to the community and remain under the supervision of the agent of the court, is: - Probation Those convicted of minors crimes with relatively short sentences, as well as those awaiting trial or transfer, are held in ____. - Jails ____ House those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences. - Prisons Counties and municipalities administer ____. while ____ are the domain of federal and state governments - Jails; Prisons Community supervision that occurs after release from jail or prison is called: - Parole Which of the following is not an example of community-based sentence? - Minimum security prisons The ability ot choose between and among alternative courses of action is known as ___. - Discretion Herbert Packer likened the idealized criminal justice system to an: - Assembly line Which of the following does not occur during the adjudication phase of the criminal justice process? - Arrest The informal criminal justice process relies upon the use of: - Discretion Collectively, the discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce an ___. - Informal Criminal Justice Process What is the ability to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules? - Discretion What are the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong? - Ethics Which statement below is incorrect? - Intuition is enough for law enforcement to act This model emphasizes the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals. - Crime Control Model This Model emphasizes that the individual is to be protected from the power of the government. - Due Process Model The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) reports on three measurements. Which of the following is NOT one of them? - The number of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that compile the UCR The UCR is prepared annually by: - The Federal Bureau of Investigation Which of the Following is a Part II offense? - Driving under the influence Which of the following is a Part I offense? - Larceny/Theft Supporters report that ___ gives victims a voice in the criminal justice process. - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) ___ is a phrase used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place. - "Dark figure of crime" In what form of data collection are persons asked directly, through personal interviews or questionnaires or over the telephone, about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party? - Self-report surveys The "Dark figure of Crime" appears to be: - Much higher than suggested by the UCR In the twentieth century crime declines most between ___/ - While traditionally overlooked in criminological research, ___ are the fastest growing minority group in the US Prison Population. - Hispanics The number of women in prisons and jails is ___ over time. - Increasing Rapidly The study of crime is referred to as ___. - Criminology What are criminological theories primarily concerned with? - Determining the reasons behind criminal behavior A theory of crime in which offenders weight the possible benefits of criminal activity against the costs of being apprehended is: - Rational Choice Theory According to Jack Katz, the emotional or sensual rush a criminal experiences upon the successful completion of a crime is referred to as: - Seduction of crime Choice theorists believe the best way to deter crime is to: - Increase the severity of the punishment for offending Which theory suggests that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances? - Trait theory Shaw and McKay studied high-crime neighborhoods and discovered that these "Zones" were characterized by ___, or a breakdown in schools, families, and community groups. - Disorganization According to ___, Criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends and peer groups. - Social Process Theory A theory that believes criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity - Learning Theory What is the school of criminology that is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system? - Social Conflict According to ___ crime occurs when three factors are present: a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. - Routine Activity Theory To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence, you must understand the role of ___ in the brain. - Dopamine A delinquent or criminal who commits multiple offenses and is considered part of a small group of wrongdoers who are responsible for a majority of the antisocial activity in any given community is a: - Chronic Offender According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin, what percent of juvenile offenders has been shown to be responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime? - 6% The ___ is the supreme law of the land, and as such is the basis of all law in the United States. - US Constitution Statutes enacted by legislative bodies at any level of government make up a source of law, which is generally referred to as: - Statutory Law The rules, orders, and decisions of regulatory agencies make up: - Administrative law Court decisions that provide guidance in interpreting the law are called: - Precendents The social function of the law includes the concept of: - Expressing public morality and teaching societal boundaries What is the burden of proof necessary to win a civil trial? - Preponderance of evidence In a criminal case, the burden of proof is: - Beyond a reasonable doubt Crimes punishable by death or imprisonment in a federal or state penitentiary for 1 year or longer are called: - Felonies