organic chemistry exam 1

organic chemistry exam 1 Do you understand why there are so many organic compounds - (1) Catenation—carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in combination with other atoms like hydrogen and halogens, forming long chains and cycles (2) Carbon can form multiple bonds (3) Carbon can form bonds with many other elements (4) Isomerism. isomerism - The possession by two or more distinct compounds of the same molecular formula, each molecule having the same number of atoms of each element, but in different arrangement. hydrocarbon - Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen alkane - a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds alkene - A hydrocarbon with a double bond alkyne - a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond. cycloalkane - Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring aromatic hydrocarbon - hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene. halide - A binary compound of a halogen with another element or group. alcohol - CH3OH ether - CH3OCH3 amine - -NH2 aldehyde - CH3CHO ketone - CH3-C=O-CH3 carboxylic acid - -COOH acid (acyl) chloride - CH3COCl ester - CH3COOCH3 amide - Acid & Amine nitrile - Nitrogen triple-bonded to a carbon. alkyl group - Derived from an alkane by removing a hydrogen atom; these types of groups typically end in -yl. methyl - ethyl - propyl - isopropyl - intermolecular forces - forces of attraction between molecules dipole-dipole - attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules hydrogen bonding - Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule (London) dispersion - The intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles like dissolves like - polar and ionic solutes will dissolve in polar solvents, nonpolar solutes will dissolve in nonpolar solvents Brønsted-Lowry acid - acid is a proton donor Lewis Acid - Electron pair acceptor Brønsted-Lowry base - base is a proton acceptor lewis base - Electron pair donor pKa - low pka = acid strength increase reactants and products - 2 components of a chemical reaction acid/base strength - resonance, electronegativity, hybridization, size, inductive effects inductive effect - the polarization of the electron density of a covalent bond caused by the electronegativity of a nearby atom pusher of electrons - alkyl groups