A2 NOTES BIOLOGY
,CONTENTS
Topic 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Topic 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Topic 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Topic 8 ...........................................................................................................................................114
Definitions .....................................................................................................................................138
Unit 6 .............................................................................................................................................139
Biblography .................................................................................................................................. 140
Read Me First ................................................................................................................................ 140
2
,TOPIC 5
The importance of ATP ................................................................................................................. 4
Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll ........................................................................................................ 5
The Biochemistry of Photosynthesis ............................................................................................. 9
Limiting Factors In Photosynthesis ............................................................................................. 12
C3, C4 CAM Plants........................................................................................................................13
Ecosystems ................................................................................................................................. 16
Primary productivity .................................................................................................................... 17
Succession .................................................................................................................................. 20
The Effect of Abiotic Factors on Populations............................................................................... 22
The Effect of Biotic Factors on Populations ................................................................................. 24
Competitions .............................................................................................................................. 25
Transfers between Trophic Levels ............................................................................................... 27
Investigating Abundance and Distribution of Organisms ............................................................ 29
Ecological Techniques ................................................................................................................. 30
Statistics and Ecology ..................................................................................................................31
Carbon Cycle ............................................................................................................................... 34
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change ...................................................................................... 35
Looking at the evidence .............................................................................................................. 36
Debate: Causation or Correlation ................................................................................................ 38
Models of Climate Change and Their Limitations ........................................................................ 39
Changes in Temperatures and Seasons ....................................................................................... 40
Climate Change and Evolution .................................................................................................... 42
What Can be Done?..................................................................................................................... 43
3
, THE IMPORTANCE OF ATP
Organisms can be classified according to how they get their energy:
1) Autotrophic
a. These organisms make organic
compounds from light and carbon
dioxide (mostly photosynthesis).
b. Photosynthetic organisms include
plants, algae and some bacteria
c. Some autotrophic bacteria are NOT
photosynthetic. They use energy from
chemical reactions to synthesis their
food.
2) 2) Heterotrophic
a. These organisms eat plants or other animals (which have eaten plants)
USES OF ENERGY
1) Active transport 4) Protein synthesis
2) DNA replication 5) Cell movement
3) Muscle contraction
ATP KEY FACTS
• Energy has to be available in an accessible
form, ready for use instantly in various
reactions.
• One molecule is believed to be the universal
energy supplier in cells.
• It is found in all living organisms in exactly
the same form.
• When energy is needed, the third
phosphate bond can be broken by a
hydrolysis reaction.
• This is catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase.
• The result of this reaction is adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a free
inorganic phosphate group and energy.
• About 34kJ of energy is released per mole of ATP hydrolyzed.
• Some energy is lost as heat and is wasted.
• The breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate is reversible.
• ATP can be synthesized from ADP and a phosphate group.
• This reaction is also catalyzed by ATPase.
• The energy needed for the synthesis of ATP usually comes from catabolic reactions or
reduction/oxidation reactions
4
,CONTENTS
Topic 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Topic 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Topic 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Topic 8 ...........................................................................................................................................114
Definitions .....................................................................................................................................138
Unit 6 .............................................................................................................................................139
Biblography .................................................................................................................................. 140
Read Me First ................................................................................................................................ 140
2
,TOPIC 5
The importance of ATP ................................................................................................................. 4
Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll ........................................................................................................ 5
The Biochemistry of Photosynthesis ............................................................................................. 9
Limiting Factors In Photosynthesis ............................................................................................. 12
C3, C4 CAM Plants........................................................................................................................13
Ecosystems ................................................................................................................................. 16
Primary productivity .................................................................................................................... 17
Succession .................................................................................................................................. 20
The Effect of Abiotic Factors on Populations............................................................................... 22
The Effect of Biotic Factors on Populations ................................................................................. 24
Competitions .............................................................................................................................. 25
Transfers between Trophic Levels ............................................................................................... 27
Investigating Abundance and Distribution of Organisms ............................................................ 29
Ecological Techniques ................................................................................................................. 30
Statistics and Ecology ..................................................................................................................31
Carbon Cycle ............................................................................................................................... 34
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change ...................................................................................... 35
Looking at the evidence .............................................................................................................. 36
Debate: Causation or Correlation ................................................................................................ 38
Models of Climate Change and Their Limitations ........................................................................ 39
Changes in Temperatures and Seasons ....................................................................................... 40
Climate Change and Evolution .................................................................................................... 42
What Can be Done?..................................................................................................................... 43
3
, THE IMPORTANCE OF ATP
Organisms can be classified according to how they get their energy:
1) Autotrophic
a. These organisms make organic
compounds from light and carbon
dioxide (mostly photosynthesis).
b. Photosynthetic organisms include
plants, algae and some bacteria
c. Some autotrophic bacteria are NOT
photosynthetic. They use energy from
chemical reactions to synthesis their
food.
2) 2) Heterotrophic
a. These organisms eat plants or other animals (which have eaten plants)
USES OF ENERGY
1) Active transport 4) Protein synthesis
2) DNA replication 5) Cell movement
3) Muscle contraction
ATP KEY FACTS
• Energy has to be available in an accessible
form, ready for use instantly in various
reactions.
• One molecule is believed to be the universal
energy supplier in cells.
• It is found in all living organisms in exactly
the same form.
• When energy is needed, the third
phosphate bond can be broken by a
hydrolysis reaction.
• This is catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase.
• The result of this reaction is adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a free
inorganic phosphate group and energy.
• About 34kJ of energy is released per mole of ATP hydrolyzed.
• Some energy is lost as heat and is wasted.
• The breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate is reversible.
• ATP can be synthesized from ADP and a phosphate group.
• This reaction is also catalyzed by ATPase.
• The energy needed for the synthesis of ATP usually comes from catabolic reactions or
reduction/oxidation reactions
4
