UNIT ONE CRIMINOLOGY CONTROLLED ASSESSMENT
Types of Crimes:
White Collar Crime:
Crimes committed by those who are in a position of power or authority.
e.g., Business owners, Upper Class, anyone of high status.
Examples of offences:
-Tax Evasion: when you don’t declare how much the business is making.
- including defrauding customers: not telling the customer the truth.
-breaking health and safety laws:
-Polluting the environment
- illegally discriminating against employees.
Organised Crime- Criminal activities planned/controlled by large well-
known groups. E.g., Mafia
Cooperate Crime- committed on behalf of a company for example,
evading tax, lying to its customers anything to increase personal profit.
- Paperwork & Non-compliance - not following health & safety
regulations.
- Environmental Crimes - damaging environment, deliberately leaving
the litter out.
- Manufacturing Offences - unsafe/counterfeit products
-Labour Law violations - not complying to workers health & safety
products
-Under trade practise - false advertising, price fixing.
-Financial offences - tax evasion, concealment of losses and debt.
Professional Crime: - people who crime is in their permanent
occupation and primary source of income.
committed by professionals, accounts taking/stealing client’s
fund/earnings they are trusting them with
,e.g., Lawyers, Accountants.
Even, Major Drug dealers, bank robbers, human traffickers, prostitution.
Victims:
Government and wider population. Public.
Consumers
Taxpayers and Government
Employees- discrimination against race, sexuality, people who hold
religious values.
Public Awareness:
Media Coverage- hide and conceal earnings made by business.
Under reporting- don’t regard it as a real crime, may not feel as though
it’s an offence,
De-Labelling- often labelled as breaches of regulations rather than
crimes.
Complexity- offences are often complex and law enforcers may lack the
resources to investigate effectively.
Power and respectability- criminals may hold a high status are less
likely to be suspected. May have power and wealth to avoid prosecution.
White Collar Crimes- usually are criminal but some may be passed as
deviant.
MORAL CRIMES
Acts that go against society’s normal and moral code. Its accepted
values and rules of behaviour.
Offences:
-Prostitution
-selling or possession of illegal drugs
-begging
-homelessness
- underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
Offenders:
,Some may be forced into offending or due to personal circumstances,
which leads them to act in a certain way.
- underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
Victims: Usually considered victimless because there is no specific
victim. e.g., Prostitution/drug dealing between two consenting adults. -
underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
STATE CRIMES
Victims- citizens of the state, and those who are against the
government.
- members of ethnic, racial, religious groups.
Offenders: are state officials e.g., Politicians, civil servants, police
officers & security forces.
- include government supporters, who encourage the state.
they can also be law ranking individuals e.g., Concentration camp
guards.
Public Awareness:
Scale of state crime is huge.
e.g., Rwanda publics are aware of cases, for example if it has been
bought to media attention.
States are also powerful enough to hide and conceal crimes. For
example, controlling newspapers and social media.
War crimes of the defeated are more likely to be revealed in the media,
and punish those committed by the victims, and those innocently
attacked.
Technological Crimes
, Crimes that involve use of information and communication (IT) EG.
Internet, social media also can be referred to cybercrimes or E crimes.
Offences:
- financial crimes, cyber trespass, identity theft, hate crimes, illegal
downloading, publishing or viewing child pornography.
Offenders
Anyone with access to technology, e.g., Specialist in technology.
Stalkers, cyber bullies, hackers, scammers.
Victims:
- people who are less educated
- elderly
- anyone who access the Internet can also be a victim.
- owners of publishing rights e.g., Books, music, movies and breach
copyright infringements. Public Awareness:
- some may see it as a victimless act.
- copyright: some may breach copyright due to not wanting to pay.
- online hate crime- public are more aware as it gets shared across
social media.
- victims likely to be fully aware, or those who are being scammed might
not be aware that they are a victim.
Deviant- breaching copyrights, cess to adult pornography.
Criminal- hate crimes, access to child pornography. Defrauding people
Both: cyber bullying, racism towards someone in real life and social
media.
Cyber Violence:
is the use of social media and Technology systems used to threaten,
against individuals resulting into sexual, physical, psychological violence
against a person.
- Statistics show that 77% of women tend to become victims of
- cyber violence due to being more sexualised and an easier target than
men, due to being more vulnerable and being an ‘easy’ target.
Cyber Violence crimes - should more reported and investigated against,
as many children have access to the internet from a young age
Types of Crimes:
White Collar Crime:
Crimes committed by those who are in a position of power or authority.
e.g., Business owners, Upper Class, anyone of high status.
Examples of offences:
-Tax Evasion: when you don’t declare how much the business is making.
- including defrauding customers: not telling the customer the truth.
-breaking health and safety laws:
-Polluting the environment
- illegally discriminating against employees.
Organised Crime- Criminal activities planned/controlled by large well-
known groups. E.g., Mafia
Cooperate Crime- committed on behalf of a company for example,
evading tax, lying to its customers anything to increase personal profit.
- Paperwork & Non-compliance - not following health & safety
regulations.
- Environmental Crimes - damaging environment, deliberately leaving
the litter out.
- Manufacturing Offences - unsafe/counterfeit products
-Labour Law violations - not complying to workers health & safety
products
-Under trade practise - false advertising, price fixing.
-Financial offences - tax evasion, concealment of losses and debt.
Professional Crime: - people who crime is in their permanent
occupation and primary source of income.
committed by professionals, accounts taking/stealing client’s
fund/earnings they are trusting them with
,e.g., Lawyers, Accountants.
Even, Major Drug dealers, bank robbers, human traffickers, prostitution.
Victims:
Government and wider population. Public.
Consumers
Taxpayers and Government
Employees- discrimination against race, sexuality, people who hold
religious values.
Public Awareness:
Media Coverage- hide and conceal earnings made by business.
Under reporting- don’t regard it as a real crime, may not feel as though
it’s an offence,
De-Labelling- often labelled as breaches of regulations rather than
crimes.
Complexity- offences are often complex and law enforcers may lack the
resources to investigate effectively.
Power and respectability- criminals may hold a high status are less
likely to be suspected. May have power and wealth to avoid prosecution.
White Collar Crimes- usually are criminal but some may be passed as
deviant.
MORAL CRIMES
Acts that go against society’s normal and moral code. Its accepted
values and rules of behaviour.
Offences:
-Prostitution
-selling or possession of illegal drugs
-begging
-homelessness
- underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
Offenders:
,Some may be forced into offending or due to personal circumstances,
which leads them to act in a certain way.
- underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
Victims: Usually considered victimless because there is no specific
victim. e.g., Prostitution/drug dealing between two consenting adults. -
underage drinking or cigarette smoking.
Moral Crimes often involve one person supplying goods e.g., Drugs or
services (prostitution) to another.
STATE CRIMES
Victims- citizens of the state, and those who are against the
government.
- members of ethnic, racial, religious groups.
Offenders: are state officials e.g., Politicians, civil servants, police
officers & security forces.
- include government supporters, who encourage the state.
they can also be law ranking individuals e.g., Concentration camp
guards.
Public Awareness:
Scale of state crime is huge.
e.g., Rwanda publics are aware of cases, for example if it has been
bought to media attention.
States are also powerful enough to hide and conceal crimes. For
example, controlling newspapers and social media.
War crimes of the defeated are more likely to be revealed in the media,
and punish those committed by the victims, and those innocently
attacked.
Technological Crimes
, Crimes that involve use of information and communication (IT) EG.
Internet, social media also can be referred to cybercrimes or E crimes.
Offences:
- financial crimes, cyber trespass, identity theft, hate crimes, illegal
downloading, publishing or viewing child pornography.
Offenders
Anyone with access to technology, e.g., Specialist in technology.
Stalkers, cyber bullies, hackers, scammers.
Victims:
- people who are less educated
- elderly
- anyone who access the Internet can also be a victim.
- owners of publishing rights e.g., Books, music, movies and breach
copyright infringements. Public Awareness:
- some may see it as a victimless act.
- copyright: some may breach copyright due to not wanting to pay.
- online hate crime- public are more aware as it gets shared across
social media.
- victims likely to be fully aware, or those who are being scammed might
not be aware that they are a victim.
Deviant- breaching copyrights, cess to adult pornography.
Criminal- hate crimes, access to child pornography. Defrauding people
Both: cyber bullying, racism towards someone in real life and social
media.
Cyber Violence:
is the use of social media and Technology systems used to threaten,
against individuals resulting into sexual, physical, psychological violence
against a person.
- Statistics show that 77% of women tend to become victims of
- cyber violence due to being more sexualised and an easier target than
men, due to being more vulnerable and being an ‘easy’ target.
Cyber Violence crimes - should more reported and investigated against,
as many children have access to the internet from a young age
