HLTH1004 Human Bioscience
Respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation
Air enters the lungs larynx trachea 2 main bronchi second bronchi bronchioles alveoli.
Breathing: Centres in the brainstem
Regulating the rhythm : Pons & Medulla
inspiration volume pressure – air flows in
expiration - volume pressure – air flows out
Intrapleural pressure – pressure within the pleural cavity. Always -ve.
Atmospheric pressure: 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg at sea level
% mmHg (partial pressure)
Nitrogen (N2) 78.6% x760= 597 (PN2)
Oxygen (O2) 20.9% x760= 159 (PO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04% x760= 0.3 (PCO2)
Water (H2O) 0.46% x760= 3.7 (PH2O)
Boyle's law: constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely
proportional.
Dalton’s law - partial pressures of gases: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures of
each gas.
Henry’s law: the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its
solubility.
Frank–Starling law of the heart: a greater preload (end-diastolic volume) stretching cardiac muscle fibers just
before they contract increases their force of contraction until the stretching becomes excessive.
VC = ERV + TV + IRV
, HLTH1004 Human Bioscience
Urinary system
Consists of 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
Kidney: 150g, (12 x 6 x 3) cm
Take 20% of Cardio Output (CO)
Function of Kidney
Very Volume (BP): control blood volume
Clever Concentration: Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-
Pigeon Ph
Migrate Metabolism: Glucose, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis, Vitamin D
East Excretion: Waste (Urea, Creatine), Drugs (H2O soluble), Toxin
E Endocrine: Hormones regulation (Calcitriol:the active form of vitamin D,regulate calcium homeostasis/
Erythropoietin: stimulates the production of red blood cells. (enzyme: Renin, ADH)
The kidneys maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity close to 300 milliosmoles per litre (mOsm/litre).
MALES VS. FEMALES (urethra)
• The urethra is five times longer in males than in females.
• The urethra is divided into three segments in males but is only one short tube in females.
• The urethra is a common duct for the urinary and reproductive systems in males. These two systems are entirely
separate in females.
Specific Gravity (SG): density of urine compared to density of water.
Respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation
Air enters the lungs larynx trachea 2 main bronchi second bronchi bronchioles alveoli.
Breathing: Centres in the brainstem
Regulating the rhythm : Pons & Medulla
inspiration volume pressure – air flows in
expiration - volume pressure – air flows out
Intrapleural pressure – pressure within the pleural cavity. Always -ve.
Atmospheric pressure: 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg at sea level
% mmHg (partial pressure)
Nitrogen (N2) 78.6% x760= 597 (PN2)
Oxygen (O2) 20.9% x760= 159 (PO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04% x760= 0.3 (PCO2)
Water (H2O) 0.46% x760= 3.7 (PH2O)
Boyle's law: constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely
proportional.
Dalton’s law - partial pressures of gases: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures of
each gas.
Henry’s law: the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its
solubility.
Frank–Starling law of the heart: a greater preload (end-diastolic volume) stretching cardiac muscle fibers just
before they contract increases their force of contraction until the stretching becomes excessive.
VC = ERV + TV + IRV
, HLTH1004 Human Bioscience
Urinary system
Consists of 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
Kidney: 150g, (12 x 6 x 3) cm
Take 20% of Cardio Output (CO)
Function of Kidney
Very Volume (BP): control blood volume
Clever Concentration: Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-
Pigeon Ph
Migrate Metabolism: Glucose, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis, Vitamin D
East Excretion: Waste (Urea, Creatine), Drugs (H2O soluble), Toxin
E Endocrine: Hormones regulation (Calcitriol:the active form of vitamin D,regulate calcium homeostasis/
Erythropoietin: stimulates the production of red blood cells. (enzyme: Renin, ADH)
The kidneys maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity close to 300 milliosmoles per litre (mOsm/litre).
MALES VS. FEMALES (urethra)
• The urethra is five times longer in males than in females.
• The urethra is divided into three segments in males but is only one short tube in females.
• The urethra is a common duct for the urinary and reproductive systems in males. These two systems are entirely
separate in females.
Specific Gravity (SG): density of urine compared to density of water.
