Ag Crop physiology Exam 1 questions with All the Correct Answers

Ag Crop physiology Exam 1 questions with All the Correct Answers In the image below, match each letter to the correct cell wall structure. -Ans>> A. Middle lamella B. Simple pits C. Primary wall D. Secondary wall E. Plasma membrane Proteins, ___________________ and phospholipids make up the cell membrane. - Ans>> Cholesterols Cholesterols are buried in the "_______________" region. -Ans>> tail Cholesterols stabilize the interior of the membrane to keep it from becoming too ______________ as temperature rises. -Ans>> fluid Cholesterol break up the ________________ interactions. -Ans>> Van der waals In the image below, match each letter to the correct component of the fluid mosaic model. -Ans>> A. Outside of the cell B. Cytoplasm C. Hydrophobic region D. Hydrophilic region E. Protein F. Phospholipid bilayer A hydrogen bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is shared between at least ______ water molecules creating electrostatic attractions resulting in very strong intermolecular interactions. -Ans>> 2 What is the second most common organic compound? -Ans>> Lignin The endoplasmic reticulum is important to ____________________ formation. -Ans>> Protein At maturity, these types of simple cells are dead and are most often associated with xylem or vascular tissue. -Ans>> Sclerenchyma Hydrophobic interactions of a cell membrane can be described as nonpolar molecules that cannot form ___________ bonds with water. -Ans>> Hydrogen. These 3 main ares make up the plant cell: Cell wall, protoplast and __________________. -Ans>> Vacuole A single cell layer thick sometimes with a waxy coating best describes the _____________________? -Ans>> Epidermis The cell wall is made up of the primary and secondary wall, both of which are primarily composed of _________________ and _________________. -Ans>> Cellulose and lignin Identify the type of meristematic tissue in the image below. -Ans>> Apical root meristem Sucrose is composed of? -Ans>> Glucose and fructose This diagram features a cross section of a dicot stem. True or false? -Ans>> False The nuclear envelope is not connected to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. -Ans>> False The lipid bilayer is semipermeable. It is permeable to large molecules and charged ions, while impermeable to lipid soluble molecules with low molecular weights. -Ans>> False Parenchyma tissue has no secondary cell wall. -Ans>> True This diagram represents a cross section of a dicot stem. -Ans>> True The primary cell was is considered plastic; it is adaptable for growth. -Ans>> True Microtubules do not direct the motion of organelles and chromosomes. -Ans>> False The vacuole helps keep the cell rigid, gives plants volume by storing water and other molecules, and contains lysosome like enzymes for digestion. -Ans>> True Addition of electrons or H's or removal of O2. -Ans>> Reductase Removal of electrons or H's and transfer to O2. -Ans>> Oxidase Transfer groups from one compound to another compound. -Ans>> Transferase Breaks bonds by the addition of H2O. -Ans>> Hydrolase Hydrolyze lipids -Ans>> Lipase Hydrolyze starch -Ans>> Amylase The ___________ is when the enzyme has an active site that can be altered. -Ans>> Induced-fit hypothesis Enzymes lower the energy of activation when they combine with a substrate to form the __________________. -Ans>> Enzyme-substrate complex The place where the reaction occurs on the enzyme is specific and is called the ___________________. -Ans>> Active site the enzyme polypeptide chain is coiled and twisted and the shape is dependent on the _______________________. -Ans>> Amino acids Anabolism requires energy and goes from _______________ to ________________ molecules. -Ans>> Small to large How do inhibitors influence the rate of enzymatic reactions? -Ans>> -Change product formation rate by using similar substrates that compete for an enzyme. -Change product formation rate by using a substance that combines with the enzyme in a place other than the active site DNA is wrapped around what kind of protein? -Ans>> Histone Enzymatic reaction rates vary depending on concentration of substrate and enzyme. - Ans>> True Isomerism and enzymes that cause no direct change, just a rearrangement of atoms to catalyze reactions. -Ans>> true Enhancer sites optimize gene transcription and prevent gene transcription from occurring at all times for a given gene. -Ans>> True The high dielectric constant of water is important to water relations of plants in that it helps draw molecules into solution. Why is this important to water relations of plants? - Ans>> The high dielectric constant of water draws molecules into solution at a relatively stable ph. The solution is transported to the root zone through bulk flow where it is absorbed into the root system. the solution is then moved through the xylem through diffusion. The cohesion and adhesion properties allow the minerals and water to stay together while the high tensile strength allows the water to be pulled through the system to where it is needed. If the soil is at field capacity and the root hairs have a Yw= -0.3 and Yp= 0.2 what is the Ys? -Ans>> -0.5 If salt water intrusion should occur and the soil is still at field capacity and the Ys of the soil = -3.0, the Yw of the root hairs becomes -1.1. This was caused by a ___________ pressure potential. -Ans>> Lower This was a direct effect of water moving ________________ the root hair cells. -Ans>> Out of The process by which this water movement and change in water potential occurred is called __________________? -Ans>> Diffusion Water moves through the soil and into the root by a process called __________________? -Ans>> Bulk flow Water moves through the roots primarily through a process called ________________? -Ans>> Diffusion The water column in the xylem is under tension and thus the Yp is always _______________? -Ans>> Negative Water moves through the xylem primarily through _______________? -Ans>> bulk flow When water moves into leaf tissue it becomes gaseous and moves by ______________ into the atmosphere. -Ans>> Diffusion Thus, the driving force for water moving up to the top of the plant and into the atmosphere is a ________________ Yw from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere. -Ans>> Decreasing The cohesion-tension theory is based on several properties of water. one being high _________ of water. -Ans>> Tensil strength The theory indicates that tensions in the xylem are _____________ in the middle of the day when light levels are highest. -Ans>> Most negative The theory also indicates that tension is more negative at the ____________ of the tree than the _______________. -Ans>> Top, bottom Please match the pathway or root tissue to the letter labeled in the diagram below. - Ans>> A. Symplastic/Transmembrane B. Apoplastic C. Pericycle D. Xylem E. Phloem F. Endodermis G. Casparian strip The xylem tissue on the left consist of ______________. -Ans>> Vessels The xylem tissue on the right consist of __________________. -Ans>> Tracheids _________________ is the process of air coming out of solution through wind bending branches or trunks freezing producing an embolism. -Ans>> Cavitation This system provides a fail-safe which prevents a break in the ______________ of water the water column from the soil to the plant to the atmosphere. -Ans>> Continuum Transpiration is a _____________ process which is proportional to the driving force from the air water interface. -Ans>> Diffusion Transpiration occurs through pores called _______________ on the ________ side of the leaf. -Ans>> Stomata, under transpiration is dependent upon two factors. A. Difference in ______________ between leaf air spaces and the external air. B. ________________ of the pathway. -Ans>> Water vapor concentration, diffusion all resistance _________ light sensed by a photoreceptor in the guard cells stimulates ion uptake. - Ans>> Blue This light stimulates a ______________ pumping __________ in the guard cell plasma membrane that extrudes _________ and lowers its pH. -Ans>> ATPase, proton, protons An electrochemical gradient is set up when _________ ions are pumped out of the guard cell. -Ans>> H+ ___________ ions move from surrounding cells move into guard cells via voltage regulated __________ channels decreasing the osmotic potential. -Ans>> K+, K+ Starch grains from guard cell chloroplasts are broken down to produce __________ and H+ ions to balance the charge. -Ans>> Malic acid ____________ from the break down of starch also decreases the osmotic potential. - Ans>> Sucrose Water then diffuses into the guard cells ___________ the water potential gradient causing the opening of the stomata. -Ans>> Down Plants must maintain a delicate energy and water balance by taking up maximum amounts of _______________ while at the same time minimizing loss of _________ - Ans>> Carbon dioxide; water Diffusion can be defined as net movement of molecules from regions of ____________ concentration to regions of ___________ concentrations. -Ans>> High; low These two properties of water are important to plants in that they are thought to play a role in water movement within the plant. -Ans>>