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Summary A Level Biology: Chapter 2 - Cells

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Detailed notes covering the topic of Cells in the AQA A Level Biology syllabus. Applicable to most other syllabi. Completed notes with diagrams.

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Chapter 2
Uploaded on
April 17, 2023
Number of pages
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Written in
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EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES

plant 40µm
x 0.5 5µm
animal in 15µm

nucleus no nucleus

DNA in nucleus linear circular DNA in cytoplasm
in Csomes in cytoplasm assoc t plasmids nor assoc W
w histones histones


member organelles no member organelles


cellulose ware in plants chitin mure.in pephidoglycanceuwaU
in
fungi
805 ribosomes 705 ribosomes


chloroplasts in plants someprotract no chloroplastsonly lamellae


flag in someproroel sometimes flag

always mitochondria nonrivo sometimes mesosome

Attachment zone fo
prokaryotic cells plasma membrane fraer
respenz

mightbe mesosomeor aHatchement
Cytoplasm zone for
cell wall Carunein psenz
cyhe.SN
Movementthrough
protection
iquidpmediumy
flagellum
slime capture
circular DNA plasmid

,Prokaryotes Bacteria and Viruses

Eukaryotes Animals plantsprotectorsfungialgae

Eukaryotic organelles
2 nremb Conh w both E R Conw enwry
t e air into nuc
f 100 nm
Nucleus enclosed env W pones in between
by NUC passageof large run
mRNA tWbo prod
conrain csomes
begin cell div
made of DNAtheassoc w ni shines
looseformofCSome
f w her na dir
contains nucleoplasm which has chromatin t nucleolus
makes RN A assembles Wbosomes
can aid dir
growth
mitochondria site
of aer resp where ATP released
I
2 me rub
matrix sour won with lipid
Cris hae faded inner merits wit o D NA en 2 prot
A SA

Ribosomes free in
Cyr or attached to RER
805 in 705 in prove Z M one d suburnV made
e uk one
of rRNA
assemble prob by forming aa drain
cisternae
ER sheet membranes enclasmug flattened
of sacs
SER no ribo lipnd t steroid
synth storage transport
RER ribo have A SA for prob synth pathway for substance

transport some en 2 and hormones packaged into Sec vesicles
which released from cell by exocyherrs

, Gorgr apparatus snack
ofmenus cisternae nervous

on on smele transport res fuse erhu other smole secretoryvet leave

prot t tip prod by ER passthrough 1 are modified eg add carb
t into
packaged lysosomes
Lysosomes xI memb formed when Ves fromGolgi have
digessrue en z
isolates harmful en z from nestof cell
releasedfromcell byexocytatrs on
breakdown materials used in phagocytosis
ingestedbyphagocytes
to
digestworn organellesCaubophagy breakdown dead cells
autolysis

Model Quesmont Answer
Describe RER t Gorgr ore in prot synth 3 4 marks

mi protSynth in RER lunar
assume 3D shape
m2 prot travel through RER fadingto
M3 buds aft at end RE R
of
M4 Ves Mem b fuses w Gol
gr
MS prot modified in bags
m6 Sea nes buds off

Chloroplasts PLANT ONLY 1
torte
ofphotosynrh
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