C2.1 Molecules to Metabolism
● Molecular biology: studies composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules
Carbon atom:
● can form 4 covalent bonds
● straight, ring, and branched chains
● saturated and unsaturated compounds
Carbohydrates
● monosaccharides have ring structures
Required diagrams:
Ribose Deoxyribose alpha-glucose beta-glucose
Lipids
● insoluble and hydrophobic in water but soluble in non-polar solvents
● triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Required Diagram of 1 fatty-acid:
,Proteins
● made up of amino acids
● structural proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibodies
Required diagram of 1 amino acid:
Nucleic Acids:
● makes a chain called nucleotides
● RNA - sugar ribose
● DNA - sugar deoxyribose
Metabolism:
● sum of reactions in our body
● enzyme regulated pathways
Anabolism Catabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
(condensation reaction - produces water) TO (hydrolysis reaction - needs water) TO BREAK
BUILD. Examples:
Examples: dipeptide --> amino.a + amino.a (peptide bond)
glucose + glucose --> maltose (glycosidic bond) (protease)
(maltose synthase) lactose --> glucose + galactose (glycosidic bond)
amino.a + amino.a --> dipeptide (peptide bond) (lactase)
(ribose synthase)
, Synthesis of Urea:
● Wohler accidentally synthesised urea trying to prepare ammonium cyanate.
● He undermined vitalism: organic compounds could only be synthesised by living organisms.
● He showed that the by-product of life could be artificially synthesised.
● Molecular biology: studies composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules
Carbon atom:
● can form 4 covalent bonds
● straight, ring, and branched chains
● saturated and unsaturated compounds
Carbohydrates
● monosaccharides have ring structures
Required diagrams:
Ribose Deoxyribose alpha-glucose beta-glucose
Lipids
● insoluble and hydrophobic in water but soluble in non-polar solvents
● triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Required Diagram of 1 fatty-acid:
,Proteins
● made up of amino acids
● structural proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibodies
Required diagram of 1 amino acid:
Nucleic Acids:
● makes a chain called nucleotides
● RNA - sugar ribose
● DNA - sugar deoxyribose
Metabolism:
● sum of reactions in our body
● enzyme regulated pathways
Anabolism Catabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
(condensation reaction - produces water) TO (hydrolysis reaction - needs water) TO BREAK
BUILD. Examples:
Examples: dipeptide --> amino.a + amino.a (peptide bond)
glucose + glucose --> maltose (glycosidic bond) (protease)
(maltose synthase) lactose --> glucose + galactose (glycosidic bond)
amino.a + amino.a --> dipeptide (peptide bond) (lactase)
(ribose synthase)
, Synthesis of Urea:
● Wohler accidentally synthesised urea trying to prepare ammonium cyanate.
● He undermined vitalism: organic compounds could only be synthesised by living organisms.
● He showed that the by-product of life could be artificially synthesised.
