Module 9( chapter 3) population geography
Demography is the study of population, including its size, structure, distribution, and change over
time.
● The demographic transition model (DTM) is a model that explains the changes in birth and
death rates, and the resulting changes in population growth rates, as countries undergo
economic and social development.
● Age-sex pyramids are graphical representations of a population's age and sex structure, with
age categories plotted on the horizontal axis and the percentage of the population in each
category plotted on the vertical axis.
● Fertility rates are the number of children born per woman in a population during her lifetime.
● Replacement-level fertility is the fertility rate at which a population replaces itself from one
generation to the next, usually defined as 2.1 children per woman.
● Mortality rates are the number of deaths per thousand people in a population in a given year.
● Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live in a given
population, usually calculated at birth.
● Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often driven by economic,
social, or political factors.
● Push and pull factors are the factors that motivate people to leave their current location
(push factors) or to move to a new location (pull factors).
● Refugees are people who flee their home country due to persecution or war, and seek
protection and asylum in another country.
● Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people who have been forced to flee their homes due
to conflict or other factors, but remain within their country's borders.
● The population explosion refers to the rapid growth of the world's population since the 18th
century, and the resulting challenges it poses to social, economic, and environmental
systems.
● Malthusian theory is the idea that population growth will inevitably lead to resource scarcity
and social unrest, and that population control measures are necessary to prevent disaster.
● Neo-Malthusianism is a modern version of Malthusian theory, which argues that population
growth, combined with environmental degradation and resource depletion, will lead to global
crises such as famine and social unrest.
● Pronatalist policies are government policies that encourage or incentivize people to have
children, often to counteract low fertility rates or population decline.
● Antinatalist policies are government policies that discourage or restrict population growth,
often to address concerns about overpopulation, resource depletion, or environmental
degradation.
Key terms:
● Demography: The study of human populations, including their size, composition,
distribution, and change.
● Fertility: The number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a given
population.
● Mortality: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population.
● Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live,
typically at birth.
Demography is the study of population, including its size, structure, distribution, and change over
time.
● The demographic transition model (DTM) is a model that explains the changes in birth and
death rates, and the resulting changes in population growth rates, as countries undergo
economic and social development.
● Age-sex pyramids are graphical representations of a population's age and sex structure, with
age categories plotted on the horizontal axis and the percentage of the population in each
category plotted on the vertical axis.
● Fertility rates are the number of children born per woman in a population during her lifetime.
● Replacement-level fertility is the fertility rate at which a population replaces itself from one
generation to the next, usually defined as 2.1 children per woman.
● Mortality rates are the number of deaths per thousand people in a population in a given year.
● Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live in a given
population, usually calculated at birth.
● Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often driven by economic,
social, or political factors.
● Push and pull factors are the factors that motivate people to leave their current location
(push factors) or to move to a new location (pull factors).
● Refugees are people who flee their home country due to persecution or war, and seek
protection and asylum in another country.
● Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people who have been forced to flee their homes due
to conflict or other factors, but remain within their country's borders.
● The population explosion refers to the rapid growth of the world's population since the 18th
century, and the resulting challenges it poses to social, economic, and environmental
systems.
● Malthusian theory is the idea that population growth will inevitably lead to resource scarcity
and social unrest, and that population control measures are necessary to prevent disaster.
● Neo-Malthusianism is a modern version of Malthusian theory, which argues that population
growth, combined with environmental degradation and resource depletion, will lead to global
crises such as famine and social unrest.
● Pronatalist policies are government policies that encourage or incentivize people to have
children, often to counteract low fertility rates or population decline.
● Antinatalist policies are government policies that discourage or restrict population growth,
often to address concerns about overpopulation, resource depletion, or environmental
degradation.
Key terms:
● Demography: The study of human populations, including their size, composition,
distribution, and change.
● Fertility: The number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a given
population.
● Mortality: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population.
● Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live,
typically at birth.
