CPCE Top Exam Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+

CPCE Top Exam Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+ Human Growth and Development - -Follows Child should be walking at age... - -18 months-24 months A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be... - -animistic which means child attributes human characteristics in inanimate objects. (Concept is best related to Piaget's preoperational period age 2-7) Ritualistic behaviors are... - -fixed action patterns elicited by sign stimuli Conservation most likely refers to volume or mass. A child who hasn't mastered conservation does not thinking a very flexible manner. Which are understood in what order? - -Mass Weight Volume Ego - -Reality principle Social and Cultural Foundations - -Follows Probable outcome refers to... - -Prognosis (probability one can recover from addiction) Poor economic conditions correlate with.... - -Aggression Early vocalization in infants and status across cultures - -Nearly identical across cultures standards in own culture - -Rigid standards expected in own culture Personalism (multicultural counseling) - -all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands (see client as person, not diseased patient) Tendency to affiliate with others, tendency in which birth order - -first borns and only children Group - -Follows Leadership styles - -Theory X-authoritarian leadership Theory Y-democratic (Carl Rogers, most desirable) Theory Z-Laissez-faire, hands off leadership Leaders that primarily focus on the here and now... - -Speculative leaders Gestalt leaders in REBT put a premium on... - -confrontational modalities lean toward Theory X Risky Shift Phenomemon - -Group Decisions will be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion Group polarity/Polarization - -Predicts a person's views may become more extreme after they participate in a group Who sits together in group - -People who are similar or believe they have something in common Universality synonym - -mutuality Group risk should be discussed - -during the initial session, to point out holes in confidentiality in group Role of members - -Energizer: stimulates enthusiasm in group Scapegoat: everybody blames Gatekeeper: tries to make certain everyone is doing his or her task and participate Roles in group - -Task Roles: help group carry out task, clarifier/info giver Maintenance role: helps maintain or even strengthen group processes-follower/encourager Self-serving role; negative, meets own needs at expense of group (no participation) Role conflict - -a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and how they do Conflict of interest - -occurs when a member maximizes his/her needs and interests at expense of someone else Initial group stage has been called.. - -forming, orientation and preaffiliation stage. It's characterized by the approach-avoidance behavior Approach-avoidance behavior - -conflict when in you are attracted and repelled by the same group (want to meet members but scared of rejection) Avoidance-Avoidance behavior - -conflict exists when you have two alternatives which both are unattractive (boss says pay cut or lose job) Blocking - -used by a leader to stop a hurtful behavior (used in cases of gossiping or breaking confidentiality) Linking - -attempt to bring together common patterns or themes within group. Sour Grape Rationalization - -The "I didn't want it anyway" thought- fox couldn't secure grapes so told that they were sour. Sour Lemon Rationalization - -Person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really are Theories of Counseling and Helping Relationship - -Follows Rogerian approach - -nondirective, client-centered, person centered or self-theory. Do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice. Rogerian principles - -i) Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization ii) Motivational Interviewing: uses empathy, open-ended questions, listening, urging clients to make changes and summarization. Popular in addictions. Part of Carl Roger's person centered therapy- putting premium on empathy. iii) Rogers viewed men as positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment Existentialism - -a humanistic form of helping in which counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed (an accomplishment), experiencing a value (love) or suffering. It rejects analysis and behaviorism Existentialism Principles - -Free choice, decision, and will can't blame others for childhood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment Existentialism---Frankl Logotherapy - -Frankl- Existential view that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice REBT--Albert Ellis - -men are disturbed not by things, but the view, which they take of them ABC Activating event, Belief system, Emotional Consequence Reality Therapy--Glasser - -Believes diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible (Formal diagnostic process is also known as nosology) ii) Relationship between therapist and client in this therapy is like that of a friend who asks what is wrong iii) Eight Steps are utilized in this model. Step 7 is refusing to use punishment. a) Self Instructional Therapy- Meichenbaum's - -(type of cognitive behavioral approach) Has the stress-inoculation technique. This technique has 3 phases: i) Educational phase: Client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior ii) Rehearsal phase: Client then taught to rehearse new self talk iii) Application phase: new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress producing situations Gestalt Therapy--Fritz Pearls - -Eliminate it talk and replace with "I" statements unexpressed emotions (like feelings of resentment, rage guilt, anxiety or other emotion that interferes with present situations and causes difficulties) are known as unfinished business. Gestalt Principles - -(1) Insight learning (2) Zeigarnik effect: suggests motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished talks thus they recall unfinished activities better (you have better recall of a task if it remains incomplete) (3) Wertheimer's phi-phenomenon: the illusion of movement can be achieved via two or more stimuli which are not moving, for i.e.: a neon sign that has a moving arrow Transactional Analysis-Berne - -messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, through intervention can change this script Psychoanalysis--Freud - -Deterministic Dream study, pathway to unconscious Transference Neurosis: when client is attached to counselor as if he or she is substitute parent Analytic Psychology--Carl Jung - -Collective unconscious common to all--archetypes Individual Psychology--Adler - -Birth order paradoxical techniques--told to exaggerate a symptom Spitting in the patient's soup--therapist is aware of true purpose of symptom or motivation for behavior Behavior Mod--Skinner - -Controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies Bandura--Neobehavioristic - -Person produces and is a product of conditioning Williamson (trait factor) - -Man born with potential for good and evil, others are needed to unleash positive potential Stinking thinking - -term operating out of cognitive thinking symptom substitution - -if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest since the real problem is the unconscious mind Narrative theory - -branded as a postmodern approach law of effect - -if something pleases you, it will be repeated while those that produce unpleasantness will be stamped out Lazarus--BASIC ID - -B-Behavior like habits and reactions. A- affective responses like emotions S- sensations like hearing touch I-images, how we perceive ourselves, C-cognitions I-interpersonal relationships D- drugs including alcohol Premack Principle - -any HPB (high probability behavior) can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB (low probability behavior) Yerkes Dodson Law - -a moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance Bibliotherapy - -a form of homework- counselor gives client an assignment to be done outside of session. Degree of hurt - -In regards to games, higher the number, greater the hurt. First degree- not hurtful. Second degree- more serious, 3rd degree- hurt can be permanent or on occasion deadly Verbal tracking - -i) Task- facilitative behavior: when counselor's thoughts are in relation to client ii) Abstractive behavior: when counselor is thinking about his or her own concerns People - -follows Alfred Adler - -work has been classified as a preface to group movement i) Individual psychology: emphasizes birth order and inferiority complex (spitting in patients soup) F. H. Allport - -created concept of social facilitation. This theory says an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will perform better if she or he is part of a group Eric Berne - -his transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the child, the adult and the parent The Child state (also called archaeopsyche) resembles Freud's id. (1) The Natural Child is what the person would be naturally, spontaneous, impulsive and untrained (2) The Little professor acts on hunches often without necessary info (3) The adapted child learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand John Bowlby - -saw bonding and attachment as having survival value or also called adaptive significance. bond before age 3 if one severed, known as object loss Raymond Cattell - -responsible for fluid vs. crystallized intelligence Emile Durkheim - -one of the founders of modern sociology wrote rules of sociological method known for suicide research and group phenomena research John Dollard and Neal Miller - -Hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression Albert Ellis - -Developed REBT Erik Erickson - -only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory, which encompasses the entire lifespan. An ego psychologist (focus on ego and control) and would not focus on id. Erik Erickson 8 stages - - Victor Frankl - -Pioneered logotherapy (healing through meaning) Paradoxical intention--advising a client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunction behavior in their imagination Harry Harlow - -concerned with maternal deprivation John Holland - -strong interest inventor is based on his theory (6 Hexagon personality styles) Allen Ivey - -Neuroplasticity means the brain of the client (and helper) can changes as a result of counseling regardless of age. ii) He postulated 3 types of empathy: basic (when counselor's responses is on the same level as client) -subtractive (when counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated) -additive (which is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness. Arthur Jensen - -the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQ scores. Robert Kegan - -known figure in adult cognitive development. His model stresses interpersonal development. Lawrence Kohlberg - -3 levels of moral development: 1)Preconvential 2) Conventional--good boy/good girl orientation 3) Postconventional--personal integrity or morality Arnold Lazarus-- - -pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in use of systematic desensitization Daniel Levinson - -proposed a theory with several life transitions