CPCE Top Exam Questions Review. 100% Accurate, rated A+

CPCE Top Exam Questions Review. 100% Accurate, rated A+ Draguns - -Emic vs. Etic Emic: Good, treat clients as individuals with individual differences Etic: Bad, treats all clients the same "humans are humans" Autoplatic vs. Alloplastic - -Autoplastic: change comes from within, internal Alloplastic: try to change external factors, "if you're unhappy with the system, change the system" Mores vs. Folkways - -Mores: beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior Folkways: like mores BUT breaking folkways results in embarrasment Ambivalent Transference - -when the client rapidly shifts his/her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past Asian Americans - --most diverse group -Patriarchal -Talk no more than necessary -Solution focused -Counselor is seen as a trained expert Hispanic/Latino(a) Americans - --benefit from catharsis -psychodrama -#1 largest minority group African Americans - --rely on family and church for support -concrete skills -systems based family therapy -2nd largest minority group Terminal Drop/Decline Theory - -dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning occurs with age, but only during the final 5 years of life. Only 8% of people are truly senile Native Americans - --keep suffering quiet -do not engage in eye contact -storytelling or in client's home -alcoholism and suicide issues Best predictors of retirement adjustment - -financial security and health Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Minority Identity Model (5) - -1. Conformity: prefer a counselor from dominant culture 2. Dissonance: prefer a counselor from a minority group 3. Resistance and Immersion: reject dominant culture and accept one's own culture 4. Introspection 5. Synergetic Articulation and Awareness: prefer a counselor with the same worldview Anglo-Conformity Theory - -people from other cultures should forget about their heritage and try to become like the dominant culture Asch and Sherif - -"Sell Out" in a group of 6 people, 1/3 of the time the 6th person would conform to what the other 5 people said, even if it was wrong Sherif - -Robbers Cave A cooperative goal can bring 2 hostile groups together Congruity Theory - -a client is more likely to take suggestions if the client likes the counselor Lewin - -Conflict/Frustration 1. Approach approach (Yale or Harvard) 2. Approach avoidance (Pretty but crazy) 3. Avoidance avoidance (Fine or jail) Schachter - -Affiliation : the need to associate with others (misery loves company) -highest in newborns and only children Milgram - -Obedience to authority (shocks) 62% administered the fatal shocks McDougall - -hormic psychology wrote, "Introduction to Social Psychology" Alsworth Ross - -wrote, "Social Psychology" Allport - -Theory of social facilitation: the presence of other people improves an individual's performance Means test - -whether a client is eligible for a social benefit or program such as temporary assistance for needy families (TANF) or food stamps Low context vs. High context communication - -Low: long verbal explanation High: nonverbals that are understood by others in the culture SCCT - -Social Cognition Career Theory: focuses on self-efficacy and cognitive processes Gottfredson - -Emphasized circumscription (process of narrowing down acceptable alternatives) and compromise (can't implement preferred choices) Victor Vroom - -Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory Employee performance is influenced by: -valance: rewards -expectancy: feel capable of doing -instrumentality: will manager give reward? Holland - -Personality approach to career (most popular) RIASEC Strong Interest Inventory A.A. Brill - -Psychoanalytic career theorist who emphasized sublimination Krumboltz - -Happenstance Theory Social learning approach to career choice Edwin Bordin - -felt a career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts Jane Loevinger - -7 stage continuum theory of ego development Super - -Emphasized self-concept Life career rainbow Tiedman and O'Hara - -Decision Making Theory 1. Anticipation: imaging self in a given career 2. Implementation: engages in reality testing regarding expectations for the career Ann Roe - -Psychodynamic Needs Approach to career Occupations are categorized into 6 levels and 8 fields Parsons - -Trait and Factor Theory: argues there is a single best career for everyone Father of guidance, focused heavily on sociocultural issues Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma - -Pioneer developmental career theorist who view career choice as an ongoing process (rather than 1 single decision made at one time) Most comprehensive career computer guidance system - -SIGI 3 T scores - -M=50 SD=10 Z scores - -SD=1 Stanine Scale - -divides the distribution into 9 equal parts The normal bell curve is also called ______________ and is _____________ - -Gaussian curve Mesokurtic Standard Deviation - -Measure of variability of scores Perfect reliability coefficent - -1.00 Reliable tests are not always - -valid Valid tests are always - -reliable Construct - -any trait you cannot directly measure or observe Aptitude, Achievement, and Power tests - -Aptitude: measures potential Achievement: measures current accomplishments Power: measures mastery of a level w/o being timed Ipsative measures - -comparing traits within an individual (not other people) Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence - -Fluid: flexible, culture-free Crystallized: concrete, rigid, does not adapt J.P. Guilford - -120 elements that add up to intelligence -Divergent: ability to generate a new idea -Convergent: divergent ideas combined into one concept Spearman - -2 factors that are applicable to any mental task: general ability (G) and specific ability (S) Wechsler IQ Tests (3) - -1. WAIS III: adults 16+ 2. WISC IV: 6-16 3. WPPSI: 2-7 Types of projective tests (3) - -1. Association (inkblot) 2. Completion 3. Construction (draw a person) Entropy - -Dysfunctional families are either too closed or too open negative entropy is the balanced state of a healthy family Public Law 93-380 - -Buckley Amendment: Persons over 18 can inspect their own records and those of their children Horizontal vs. Vertical Interaction - -Horizontal: interpersonal, works with the group as a whole Vertical: intrapersonal, works with individuals in the group ASGW, NASW, AAS - -Association for Specialists in Group Work National Association of Social Workers American Association of Suicidology Classification of Groups (3) - -Primary: preventative Secondary: problem is present but not severe (grief) Tertiary: individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding Group Member Roles - -Task: help solve problems, set goals Maintenance: encourager Scapegoat: everyone blames him/her Gatekeeper: time keeper Interrogator, follower, harmonizer, storyteller, isolate, energizer Marathon group - -a long group over 24 hours for a couple to 7 days defenses and facades will drop Speculative leaders - -focus primarily on the here and now 4 stages of group - -1. initial (forming) 2. transition (storming) 3. working (norming) 4. termination (adjourning) Ideal Group Size - -Children: 3-4 members Adolescents: 5-6 Adults: 6-8 Long term adult groups: up to 10 people Yalom - -Major influence in group therapy in the U.S. 11 reasons that groups work so well Moreno - -Father of psychodrama Coined the term "group therapy" Brought it to the U.S in 1925 3 Major leadership styles - -1. Authoritarian (Theory X) 2. Democratic (Y) 3. Laissez-faire (Z) Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? - -Adler Universality - -we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem The initial stage of group is categorized by - -approach-avoidance behavior When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference... - -is interpreted as therapeutic transference The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means - -all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands "Hey I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it," is an example of: - -race is not the same as ethnicity What group has more time to look introspectively? - -higher SES Adler - -Father of individual psychology -Birth order is significant Williamson - -Trait-Factory Theory: humans are born with the potential for good or evil Frankl - -Logotherapy: existential view that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice 3 types of learning exist: - -1. Reinforcement 2. Association 3. Insight Paradoxical techniques - -Adler Exaggeration of something you're afraid of or a symptom Ex: If someone is afraid of shaking on stage, have them exaggerate the behavior The Archway Model - -Super One pillar: Individual characteristics Second pillar: family, the labor market, and other external factors Come together to create "Self" at the top of the archway Counselors focus on what 2 things as consultants? - -Process and content Process-consultation model - -Doctor-patient Consultant is paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution (no focus on content, just the process used) Milieu Therapy - -Urges helpers to change the client's ENTIRE environment to help the client Takes place in inpatient treatment facilities Glasser - -Father of Reality Therapy -New Reality Therapy w/ Choice Theory -Identity is the person's most important psychological need -Focuses on the present and current behavior -"Brain drugs" are not the answer Berne - -Transactional Analysis - Cogntive 3 ego states (PAC) -parent: superego -adult: ego -child: id Fritz Perls - -Gestalt Existential Approach (focuses on psychodrama) 5 layers of neurosis 1. phony 2. phobic 3. impasse 4. implosive 5. explosive Beck - -Cognitive: clients have automatic thoughts which are distortions from reality (similar to REBT) -Black and white thinking Ellis - --REBT -form of CBT -ABCDE Model of Personality Rogers - -Person/Client Centered Humanistic 3 conditons -show empathy -be congruent -show UPR EMG, EKG, EEG - -EMG: muscle EKG: heart EEG: brain Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) - -Wolpe and systematic desensitization -scale of 0-100, 100 being the most threatening situation Bandura - -Social Learning Theory vicarious learning Bobo doll Little Albert - -Watson, scared baby with loud bell when presenting a rat Jung - -Father of Analytic Psychology -MBTI :INFJ... -Persona (mask), animus (masculine side of females), anima (feminine side), androgynous (both) Anna O - -first psychoanalytic patient suffered from hysteria Little Hans - -child's fear of going into the street due to castration (Oedipus complex) Daniel Schreber - --most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry -wrote about becoming a woman and becoming God's mate -unconscious issues of homosexuality Freud's Topographical Theory - - Manifest vs. Latent content - -Manifest: at the surface Latent: hidden meaning -pertaining to dreams! Abreaction and Catharsis - -Abreaction: repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent Catharsis: mild purging of emotions Transference neurosis - -the client is attached to the counselor as if he/she is a substitute parent Ego defense mechanisms - -Freud: -compensation, displacement, identification, introjection, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, denial The study that would best rul eout chance factors would have a significance level of p = ? - -p = .001 (smaller the better) If a researcher changes the signifcance level from .05 to .001, then... - -Alpha error decreases; however beta error increases ANOVA vs. two-way ANOVA (MANOVA) - -ANOVA: tests 1 IV MANOVA: tests 2 IVS consult table for F values