CPCE Test Bank. Top Exam Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, Graded A+

CPCE Test Bank. Top Exam Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, Graded A+ True or False: IDEA has a wider range of eligibility than section 504 under Rehabilitation act of 1973 - -False. The Rehabilitation act of 1973 has the broader definition of disability What is a key difference between IDEA and Section 504 of Rehabiltation Act of 1973 - -IDEA only applies to educational institutions, while RA1973 applies to any organization or employer in the US receiving government funding. Who qualifies for eligibility under Rehabilitation Act of 1973 section 504? - -Anyone who has a disability, physical or psychological, that impair at least one major life activity. Individuals must have documentation of their disability True or False: under both section 504 and IDEA, if a student is eligible for disability services, the student will have a multi-disiplinary team put together a plan. - -True. In IDEA it's called Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and in 504 it's called a 504 plan HIPPA was designed to...? - -protect privacy of individuals medical and mental health records What year were agencies supposed to be HIPPA compliant? - -2003 Under HIPPA patients have the right to a. control who can view their health records b. inspect their health records c. request changes to health records d. all of the above - -D HIPPA applies to _____ ______ _____. - -health care providers What rights are delineated in the HIPPA privacy policy? - -who their protected health information (PHI) is given to, might use it, and the procedure for requesting information not be shared with certain companies/individuals If there is a discrepancy between what the patient believes should be in the medical record and what the organization believes should be in the record what must be done? - -the discrepancy must be noted in the file. How does Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) define child abuse and neglect? - -Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical/emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm True or False: any counselor who suspects child abuse or neglect must report the suspicion to CPS within 48 hours - -False. Within 72 hours. Counselors must also submit a written report to CPS after the initial account True or False. Anyone who reports suspected child abuse will not be found liable, even if CPS dismissed the case. - -True When counseling minors in a non school setting, counselors must get _______ _______ from the parents and _________ from the minor - -informed consent; assent/agreement Name the key aspects of informed consent when working with minors. - -1. what they can expect from counseling 2. limitations to confidentiality 3. right to withdraw from treatment at any time Why is receiving assent from a child important before starting counseling? - -It establishes boundaries, gives buy in on the part of the client, and gives the minor respect. What is the percentage range of elder abuse? - -2%-10% depending on type, definition, and degree of reporting True or False: in some states, if an older adult is neglecting themselves, nothing can be done because this is not considered elder abuse - -Both. Some states do consider neglect of self a form of elder abuse, however, some do not. Mark all that are correct Collectively Title II, Elder Abuse Prevention and Services, and Title VII, Vulnerable Elder Rights Protection, include: a. long-term care b. legal assistance c. greater coordination with law enforcement and court system d. access to specific food banks e. financial assistance to those being abused f. allotment of funds for detection, assessment, and intervention - -a, b, c, f AoA's purpose is...? - -It was part of Older Americans Act and oversees grants related to legislation on elder abuse. What does CACREP stand for? - -Counsil for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs How often do CACREP colleges have to undergo the re-accreditation process? - -Every 8 years When was CACREP established? - -1981 What are the steps an educational institution needs to go through to become CACREP? - -1. complete an application an submit a self-study report (tells why do they qualify) 2. CACREP reviews self-study report 3. get a visit from CACREP administrators 4. Accreditation decisions made by board Define advocacy counseling - -Concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels (state, local, regional, national) True or False: in the ACA code of ethics counselors are told they must advocate for themselves and their clients. - -True T or F: when a client is part of an HMO they don't need a referral from their primary care physician before visiting a specialist. - -False. List an advantage and disadvantage for a counselor to being on an HMO board. - -advantage: they get a steady influx of clients disadvantage: they must provide a diagnosis and detailed history of each client. They are limited in the amount of time they can treat. Have specific guidelines for treatment modalities. As counselors why do we have liability insurance? - -To protect our assets. Even good or well-intentioned counselors make mistakes and they may be found negligent or in guilty of malpractice. define malpractice - -occurs when professional counselors fail to follow acceptable professional standards and do not provide the expected standard of care, resulting in injury to the client. define negligence - -occurs when a professional counselors fails to use reasonable care and/or protect a client from foreseeable harm, resulting in injury o define licensure - -the process by which a government agency grants a counselor permission to practice and/or render specific counseling services. A license protects the public by ensuring that only qualified professionals can legally provide counseling services. When did licensure in counseling first appear? - -The 1970s What year and what state first had a licensing for professional counselors? - -Virginia; 1976 What is meant when someone says "portability would establish reciprocity for licensed counselors"? - -Portability of professional counseling license would allow counselors who are licensed in one state to practice in another without additional requirements. What is the chief credentialing organization in the US for counselors, and what year was it founded? - -National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC); 1982 What is the premier credential for NBCC? - -National Certified Counselor (NCC) Which is not one of the options to become eligible for NCC? a. Have practiced for 5 years as a LPC or state equivalent b. be a current student in a counseling program that participates in the graduate student application c. Have earned a master's degree from a CACREP accredited program d. Have earned a master's degree from a non-CACREP-accredited program and have studied the 8 basic competencies e. Hold a counseling license conferred by the candidate's state board and posses at least a master's degree in a mental health field. - -A The American Counseling Association was originally named. a. American Association of Counseling and development b. American Personnel and Guidance Association. c. National Vocational Guidance Association d. American Counseling Association - -B When counseling minors, the legal right to confidentiality belongs to a. the child b. the counselor c. the parent or legal guardian d. both the parent and the child - -C The Buckley Amendment is also known as a. HIPPA b. section 504 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act c. IDEA d. FERPA - -D define professional counselor - -A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome development and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth. Specifically, professional counselors work to prevent psychological problems and promote healthy human development. Which act of 1963 provided funding to Clinical Mental Health Counselors so that they could practice? a. Clinical Mental Health Act b. American Mental Health Act c. Community Mental Health Act d. Chronic Mental Health Act - -C. The rest are made up. What areas are clinical mental health counselors trained in? - -assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, psychotherapy, substance abuse treatment, prevention and intervention, crisis counseling, and brief therapy. Name the ACA mental health counselors division. - -American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) What do college admission counselors do? - -Focus on helping students maneuver through college admissions process to select and secure entry into suitable postsecondary education. Name the division of College Admission Counselors that exists in the NBCC. - -National Association for College Admission Counseling True of False: College Counselors and College Admission Counselors essentially do the same thing. - -False. College Counselors work in counseling centers on college campuses and help students who are struggling with mental health and educational concerns. What does a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) do? - -Help individuals with disabilities work through personal and vocational issues they may encounter as a result of their impairment. May involve connecting client with health care or occupational training. What nonprofit organization formed in 1974 certifies rehabilitation counselors? - -The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC). What is the name of the ACA division for school counselors? - -American School Counselor Association (ASCA) What is school counselors job? - -to work in elementary, middle, and high school to serve the personal-social, career, and academic needs of the school's students. Define mental health practitioner - -a person trained to treat individuals with mental health issues and mental illness. This includes psychologist, psychiatrist, psychoanalysts, social workers, psychiatric nurses, MFTs. True or False: Other than getting a masters in the mental health field, there is no other specifications that are required to become a psychoanalyst - -False. They need specialized training from a psychoanalysis institute after they get their masters in mental health and usually have to engage in psychoanalysis themselves by a trained professional. Which professional is characterized by social reform, social justice, and affecting public policy. a. psychologist b. marriage and family therapist c. psychiatric nurses d. social worker - -d Define crisis - -any event that disrupts a person's previously effective coping mechanisms. List the steps for psychological first aid. - -1. Address essential survival needs (food, shelter, safety) 2. address psychological needs using counseling skills 3. connect with family/friends to mitigate feelings of isolation What does a crisis counseling program do? - -Assist individuals after a crisis to restore a sense of safety. They work in crisis teams (interdisciplinary teams that consist of mental health professionals and medical professionals) to identify problems and inventory the available resources. Theory based model of supervision - -extend the basic counseling theories to the supervisory relationship Developmental supervision appraoches - -approaches that emphasize counselor-trainee's progress through a series of stages as they become more experienced, competent, and independent. Discrimination model of supervision - -a model that requires the supervisor to be aware of the supervisee's intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills and addresses supervisees needs by adopting the role of either teacher, counselor, or consultant as needed. live observation (supervision) - -sit in during a supervissee session with a client Founded in 1986 the American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB) does what? - -to connect states that have licensure boards in order to promote communication to the public and collaboration among states regarding licensure laws and legal matters. ACCA stands for what? - -American College Counseling Association founded in 1991 When was the ACA established? - -1993 though it went through many iterations. American Personnel and Guidance Association 1952, when 4 different associations joined American Association of Counseling and Development 1983 American Mental Health Counselors was established in what year? - -1978 AADA does what? - -Association for Adult Development and Aging promotes services available to older adults AARC stands for - -Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, created in 1965 ACES stands for - -Association for Counselor Education and Supervision ACEG - -Association for Counselors and Educations in Government, established in 1978 ACC - -Association for Creativity in Counseling established in 2004 AHC - -Association for Humanistic Counseling formed in 1931 ALGBTIC - -Association for LGBT Issues in Counseling, est. 1975 AMCD - -Association for Multicultural Counseling, est 1972 ASGW - -Association for Specialist in Group Work, est 1973 ASERVIC - -Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, est 1993, though gone through many iterations CSI - -Chi Sigma Iota, formed in 1985 CSJ - -Counselors for Social Justice, est 2002 IAAOC - -International Association of Addiction and Offender Counselors, est 1974 IAMFC9* - -International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, founded 1986 NCDA - -National Career Development Association, founded 1913 NECA - -National Employment Counseling Association, est 1966 NRCA - -National Rehabilitation Counseling Association, est 1958. Works to uphold standards set by CRCC The ______ is NOT a founding member of the ACA a. Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development (C-AHEAD) b. American School Counselor Association. c. National Career Development Association d. Association for Counselor Education and Supervision - -B Ethics - -moral principles that guide an individual's behavior. For professional counselors, ethics, and the code of ethics, are what guide professional practices to ensure the welfare and safety of clients and counselors. mandatory ethics - -The lowest standard to which all members must comply to behave ethically Aspirational ethics - -best practices professionals can inspire members to work on continually improving their own knowledge base and skill to advance their practice and the reputation of the profession itself. list the five ethical principles - -autonomy, nonmaleficense, beneficence, justice, fidelity the ethical principle of autonomy refers to.... - -the ability of clients to exercise free will and act independly the most important ethical principle is _______, which means to ___ ____ ______. - -nonmaleficense; do no harm beneficense - -doing only good justice is characterized by - -fairness, this means we will not discriminate against a client fidelity menas - -being faithful and loyal. This means keeping one's word, facilitating trust, and fulfilling obligations to clients list the steps to the Herlihy and Corey ethical decision making model - -1. ID problem 2. Study codes and do ethical research 3. Reflect on 5 ethical principles, (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, fidelity) 4. consult 5. be aware of own emotions so as not to be clouded by them de client in decision making process 7. brainstorm courses of action and decide how you would like to see situation resolved 8. examine consequences for courses of action 9. Assess your choosen course of action. 10. Take action When was the first ethical code for the ACA created? - -1961 What are the 8 sections of the ACA code of ethics? - -1. counseling relationship 2. confidentiality, privileged communication, and privacy 3. professional relationship 4. relationship with other professionals 5. evaluation, assessment, and interpretation 6. supervision, training, and teaching 7. research and publication 8. resolving ethical issues Which section of the ACA code deals with informed consent, record keeping, avoiding romantic relationships with clients, termination, advocating for clients, and rules around gifts from clients? a. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy b. Resolving ethical issues c. The counseling relationship d. professional responsibility - -C What are some of the limitations to confidentiality listed in the ACA code? - -protecting clients from serious or forseeable harm, disclosure of communicable disease, court ordered, child/elder abuse Which section of the ACA Ethical Code deals with scope of practice, continuing education, and truthfulness in advertising? a. relationship with other professionals b. research and publication c. the counseling relationship d. professional responsibility - -D When giving client an assessment, which one of these is NOT in the ACA Code of Ethics a. Only use test with an interrate reliability score above 0.7 b. explaining results in a way clients can understand c. only using assessment tools that we are trained and qualified to use d. take into account who the population was normed on and report in an appropriate way - -A What is NOT listed as an ethical concern in the ACA code of Ethics Research and Publication section a. the principal researcher is held at the greatest responsibility for ensuring ethical conduct b. in accordance with HIPPA, if any client if found to have a mental health issue, the research must find treatment for the participant c. Avoid using deceptions, unless necessary, justifiable, and it will not cause harm d. keep confidential information and dispose of in a timely manner. e. publish enough info so that it can be replicated - -B T or F: any counselor certified by NBCC must also follow their ethical code - -True T or F: the ACA code of ethics provides both mandatory and aspirational ethics, while the NBCC code only provides aspirtational eithics - -False. NBCC only provides mandatory ethics List the 7 areas The NBCC code of ethics covers. - -1. take appropriate action to prevent harm 2. Provide only services you are qualified for 3. promote welfare of people you provide service to (supervisees, clients) 4. communicate truthfully 5. avoid actions that will reasonably damage trust of the counseling profession 6. encourage active participation of those receiving services 7. be accountable and adhere to recognized professional standards and practices Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves informed consent, protection of records, gatekeeping responsibilities, handling of assessments and research? a. encouraging active participation b. scope of practice c. communicate truthfully d. prevent harm - -D. Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves multicutural competencies? a. prevent harm b. scope of practice c. promotion of welfare of clients d. comunicate truthfully - -B. T or F: According to NBCC sexual or intimate relationships can occur after 2 years - -True. (I know, right?) liability - -the legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice. If you practice without due care, you may be vulnerable to legal action against you tort - -An act that results an injury to another person, property, or reputation and titling the injured party to compensation. Torts are not considered criminal wrongdoings and cover both intentional and unintentional acts. unintentional tort - -the counselor did not plan or aim to cause harm to the client. Usually malpractice or negligence are considered an unintentional tort intentional tort - -A tort in which the counselor's action would result in harm to the client, even if the councelor did not intend to injure the client. What are the 4 criteria that must be proven to claim negligence in a court of law. - -1. defendant owed the plaintiff some kind of legal duty (counselor-client relationship) 2. The defendant breached that legal duty 3. The plaintiff has an authentic injury (physical, financial, psychological) 4. the defendant's breach of duty caused the plaintiff's injury In a malpractice case, the counselor would be compared with who, and why would they be compared? - -They would be compared with other counselors because malpractice is trying to prove that the expected standard of care, that most professionals would provide, was not given Defamation (type of tort) - -intentional maring of someone's reputation through spreading of falsehoods. There are two types Libel and Slander Libel - -defamation through writing slander - -defamation through a spoken statement confidentiality - -refers to counselors' ethical duty to keep client's disclosures private privileged communication - -legal term that protects certain counselor-client communication in the court system T or F: Privileged communication rights belong to the client, but not confidentiality - -False, both belong to the client subpoena - -a legal document that orders a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or to provide the court with certain documents If the client does not want the counselor to divulge information asked for in a subpoena, the counselor should ask the client's attorney to do what? - -file a motion to quash the subpoena T or F: if the counselor receives a subpoena he or she must provide the information to the court - -False. If the counselor receives a court order and a subpoena, he or she must comply or be held in contempt. culture - -the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. It includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world Culture exists on three levels. They are .... - -Universal, group, and individual cultural encapsulation - -occurs when the dominate cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important than minority values. This may lead to counselors treating clients from the dominant perspective, disregarding client's individual and cultural values. multicultural counseling - -the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process cultural identity - -refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories. This can be the combination of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interaction to affect the counseling relationship what are the three components of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling? - -awareness (self-awareness, of values and biases) knowledge (understanding the client's wordview), and skill (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner). etic - -viewing the client from a universal perspective emic - -using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture high context communication - -relaying messages by relaying heavily on surroundings: many things can be left unsaid low context communication - -individuals communicating primarily verbally paralanguage - -refers to verbal cues other than words; volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, pitch Kinesics - -involves postures, body movement, and position chronemics - -how individuals conceptualize and act toward time monochromic time - -orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use schedules, advanced planning of activities) polychromic time - -the value of time as secondary to relationships among people proxemics - -the use of personal physical distance. This can include intimate distance (0-18 inches), personal distance (18in - 4 feet), social distance (4-12 feet), and public distance (12 feet +) Acculturation - -the process in which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value systems in relationship to his or her own What are the four models of acculturation identified by Paniagua - -1. assimilation model (highly acculturated; primarily identify with the new culture) 2. separation model (refuse to adapt to new cultural values) 3. integration model, or biculturalism (identify with both cultures) 4. marginalization model (reject both cultures) worldview - -individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world Locus of responsibility - -a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behaviors. This refers to what system is accountable for things that happened to the individuals. It can be internal responsibility, this means that success/failure are an individuals own doing. External locus of responsibility refers to the idea that social environment or external systems are responsible for what happens to an individual locus of control - -a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behavior. the degree of control individuals have over their environment. Internal locus of control means that people believe that consequences are dependent on an individual. External locus of control refers to the notion that consequence result by chance, outside of an individual's control. What are the 5 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck components that create a unique cultural worldview - -1. human nature: humans are good, bad, or a combination of the two 2. relationship to nature: how individuals view the power of nature; harmony with, power over, or power of nature 3. sense of time: where do you focus, past, present, future 4. activity: how self-expression occurs for individuals 5. social relationships: What are the three components of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's activity component? - -being (present oriented, internal focus) being in becoming (present and future oriented goal development) doing (Actively engaging in activities that are important by external standards) What are the three categories in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's social relationship component? - -lineal-hierarchal (traditional cultures with hierarchal positions) collateral-mutual (collectivist focus) individualisitc (needs of the group are secondary to those of individuals) race - -describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, historically based on genetic and biological background Hispanic/Latino is a _____; not a ______ - -ethnicity; race color blindness - -treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity color consciousness - -the process of how Whites, in response to their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial differences colorism - -the judgment of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites. Typically valuing more European features Biracial individuals - -children of parents from two different racial background mestizo - -a biracial individual from a native american parent and a Caucasian parent eugenics movement - -trying to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce multiracial - -someone who's family includes more than two racial lineages, may include children who are adopted into a family not of their race ethnicity - -refers to people who have a similar social or cultural backgruond ethnic identity - -self perceived sense of membership in an ethnic group, including feelings and attitudes associated with that membership ethnocentrism - -a belief that one's culture is superior in comparison to all other cultures Socioeconomic class or status (SES) - -includes income, financial status, educational background, resource availability, job held generational poverty - -when poverty has occurred for many generations situation poverty - -lack of resources due to an extenuating circumstances classism - -a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status modern classism - -proposes that those of the lower statuses may exhibit classism as well structural classism - -promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes internalized classism - -the result of a person's feeling shame for teh class to which they belong gender - -the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture sex roles - -focuses on a person's physiological functioning, ex: a woman's sex role would include her ability to conceive and birth a child gender roles - -societal expectations put on a person about how someone should behave, think, and be treated, and what beliefs he or she should hold gender expression - -how an individual portray their gender gender schema theory - -Created by Bem, it tries to determine the "why" behand an individuals placement of genders into certain categories. Children learn gender roles The four components of sexual identity by Chaney and Marszalek - -physical identity (biological) gender identity social sex role identity (the sex roles an individual adopts due to culture) sexual orientation identity (who are you attracted to) Affectional orientation - -acknowledges that all relationships involve attraction, emotional stability, communication style, and other interpersonal factors and feelings in addition to sexual attraction homoprejudice - -similar to homophobia, but used because it appears to be more of a prejudice than phobia spirituality - -meaningful experiences that can include a relationship with a divine entity, the universe, or nature religion - -the ritualized practice that may involve a church or other organizations, authority figures, and religious mores li - -the proper mannerisms, traditions, ethics, and regulations in confucianism spiritual bypass - -misusing spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than addressing the struggle at the level at which it occurs. A maladaptive practice. EX: a person who is insecure, driven to cover this up by becoming overly involved in outreach to others disability - -a mental or physical challenge that greatly limits a person's ability to function in activities of daily living Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - -prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities Americans with Disability act of 1990 - -prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities in employment, public service, telecommunications, and accomodations social justice - -teh belief in an equitable world for all individuals and corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression Crethar's four main foci of social justice - -Equity: balanced allocation of services, rights, and duties within a society Access: fair access to services, resources, and education that allow individuals to reach a good quality life Participation: the right of an individual to have their opinion to take into consideration on decisions that will influence their lives Harmony: working for the greater good privilege - -the ability of a group to receive benefits and prestige that are not readily available to other groups Opression - -may occur by force or deprivation. Oppression by force refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone. Oppression by deprivation refers to not providing someone with necessary experiences or resources Hanna, Talley, Guindon's levels of oppression - -1. Primary: obvious acts by either force or deprivation 2. secondary: individuals do not get directly involved by from which the may benefit 3. Tertiary: when the minority group member adopts a majority opinion so they fit in. double or triple jeopardy - -discrimination faced because of an individuals possession of multiple minority statuses structural violence - -the result of individuals being marginalized by political, economic, and social institutions prejudice - -making assumptions about an individual What are the five stages of prejudice? - -Antilocution: sharing harmful views with others of the same belief Avoidance: don't want to be around discrimination: denying access to resources physical attack: acting violently or making physical threats extermination: demolishing certain groups racism - -the belief that a group of people are inferior to one's own group due to recognized or perceived differences covert racism - -not directly obvious, but done insidiously overt racism - -an obvious and focused prejudice what are the three levels of racism? - -individual: an individual's belief that another race is less than institutional: racism perpetuated by an institution cultural: devaluing cultural artifacts that do not approximate white culture values racial worldview - -a defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and group perceive and understand each other resilience - -a person's ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances, or to bounce back Hays and Gray's common stages of racial identity development - -1. unawarness/denial 2. conflict or anxiety when encountering those who are different 3. retreat into one's own cultural group, start cautious interactions with others 4. integration of one's own cultural identity 5. advocation for those who belong to cultural group membership racial identity - -orientation to one or more racial groups Stages of Cross's nigrescene model - -1. preencounter: race or anti-black attitudes are not seen as important 2. Encounter: an encounter that prompts notice of racial identity 3. immersion-emersion: response from previous stage, prompts retreat and embracing symbols of Black identity 4. Internalization: black individual is more accepting of their racial identity 5. internalization-commitment: becoming and advocate for black issues. Helm's people of color racial identity development model (POCRID) stages - -1. conformity 2. Dissonance: awareness that racism exists 3. Immersion/Emersion: reject white culture, increase racial pride 4. internalization: increasingly identify with other oppressed people 5. Integrative awareness: develop more complex view of all racial groups Helm's White racial identity development (WRID) stages - -1. contact: unaware racism exists 2. disintegration: uncomfortable with idea of racism 3. Reintegration: demonstrate intolerance and anger toward other racial groups due to discomfort 4. Pseudo-Independence: make a superficial commitment to racial issues 5. Immersion/Emersion: renew efforts to address racism 6. Autonomy: strive to relinquish white privilege Helm's racial interaction theory states that there are 3 type of racial interactions, what are they? - -1. Parallel interactions: people are at similar stage in their racial identity 2. regressive interactions: one individual is at a lower stage of racial identity than the other 3. Progressive interactions: the white person (or higher social power person) is higher in their racial identity. In counseling, this creates interactions that help with development The stages in Hardiman's White racial identity development - -naivete: white person categorizes and transmits messages about power and privilege acceptance: believe equal opportunity for all; but believe white values as gold standards resistance: experience conflicts about belief of equal opportunity for all redefinition: increase understanding of their racial identity and of their attitudes towards others internalization: define themselves independently of anxiety and resistance in earlier stages Gender idenity - -the degree to which individual endorse gender role expressions associated with their perceived gender Downing and Roush feminist idenity development model explaining how women come to know themselves in a sexist society has these 5 stages - -1. Passive acceptance: internalizing traditional gender roles 2. Revelation: experience a sexist event, that make them rethink. May lead to duelist thinking (all men=bad; all women =good) 3. embeddedness-emanation: women developing support network with other women to deal with neg feelings 4. synthesis: integrating feminist principles 5. Active commitment: women advocating for other women Gender self confidence - -the degree to which individuals define him/herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views. Hoffman's model of gender self confidence has 4 statuses. What are they? - -1. Unexamined Female Identity: acceptance of traditional gender roles 2. Crisis: women become aware of societal discrimination 3. Moratorium/equilibrium: actively committed to a feminist identity search 4. Achieved female identity: synthesis of new feminist identity Cass's gay identity development six stages are - -1. Conscious awareness: feel different, note not hetero 2. identity comparison: accept/reject aspects of gay identity 3. Identity tolerance: connect with other sexual minorities; distance from heterosexuals 4. identity acceptance: more active commitment to gay community 5. Identity pride: gay activism 6. Identity synthesis: gay ID integrated with other cultural identities Troiden gay identity development model has 4 stages which are? - -1. sensitization: awareness of same sex attraction 2. identity confusion: uncertainty about sexual orientation 3. Identity assumption: exploration within gay community 4. Commitment: active in gay community McCarn and Fassinger gay identity development has 4 stages taht are discrete yet parallel, and were used to describe not only gay men but lesbian women as well. What are the stages - -1. Awareness: individual feels different 2. Exploration: begin to have strong same-sex attraction 3. deepening commitment: confirms gay identity 4. Identity integration: internalize gay idenity Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor have 4 stages of bisexual identity development which are... - -1. Initial confusion: experience anxiety about sexual ID 2. Finding and applying the label of bisexuality: become more comfortable being attracted to both sexes 3. Settling into the identity: individuals increased acceptance of bisexual identity 4. continued uncertainty: individuals feel intermittent uncertainty about bisexual identity Worthington, Bielstein-Savoy, Dillion, and Vernaglia have 5 stages in heterosexual identity development which are... - -1. Unexplored commitment: no exploration of sexuality 2. Active exploration: more active identification with heterosexuality 3. Diffusion: no commitment or exploration at the individual or group level 4. Deeping and commitment: show greater commitment to heterosexuality 5. synthesis: development of an overall sexual self-concept Poll and Smith's 4 stages of spiritual identity development - -1. Pre-awareness: do not view spirituality as relevant to life 2. Awakening: becomes aware of self as spiritual being 3. Recognition: integrated throughout life experiences 4. : integration: synthesized with an overall self-concept This is not an East Asian country a. China b. Sri Lanka c. Japan d. Taiwan e. Philippines f. Korea - -B. This is not a South Asian country a. Pakistan b. Sri Lanka c. India d. Cambodia e. Nepal f. Bhtan g. Bangladesh - -D This is not a Southeast Asian country a. China b. Vietnam c. Laos d. Hmong e. Cambodia - -A Personalismo - -having compassion and caring for those in their communities in families. This is seen in Latin America marianismo - -feminine version of machismo found in Latin America. Traditional female traits such as nurturing, emotional, and sexually pure Native Americans were not considered US citizens until.... a. 1905 b.1930