RN Immunologic System and Infectious Diseases EAQ-Verified Solution

A spouse of a client with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) receives a tuberculin skin test. The nurse reads the test and identifies an area of induration greater than 10 mm. What does this result indicate to the nurse? No further action is required. Additional tests are necessary. Repeating the skin test is indicated. Results are positive, indicating infection. Which age-related effects on the immune system are seen in the older client? Increased autoantibodies Increased expression of IL-2 receptors Increased delayed hypersensitivity reaction Increased primary and secondary antibody responses Which type of immunity is acquired through the transfer of colostrum from the mother to the child? Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity Which disorder does the image illustrate? Angioedema Oral candidiasis Systemic sclerosis Systemic lupus erythematosus What should be used to clean needles and syringes between intravenous drug users (IDUs)? Bleach Hot water Ammonia Rubbing alcohol Which cells are affected in DiGeorge syndrome? T-cells B-cells Monocytes Polymorphonuclear cells Which autoantigens are responsible for the development of Crohn’s disease? Crypt epithelial cells Thyroid cell surface Basement membranes of the lungs Basement membranes of the glomeruli Which statement is true regarding Sjögren’s syndrome? Sjögren’s syndrome increases lacrimation. Sjögren’s syndrome increases body secretions. Sjögren’s syndrome decreases the risk for infection. Sjögren’s syndrome decreases the digestion of carbohydrates. Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by the human papilloma virus? Gonorrhea Genital herpes Chlamydia infection Condylomata acuminata Which type of hepatitis virus spreads through contaminated food and water? Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis D virus What is the causative organism for syphilis? Treponema pallidum Campylobacter jejuni Trichomonas vaginalis Chlamydia trachomatis What is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction? Anaphylaxis Serum sickness Contact dermatitis Blood transfusion reaction Which organism causes smallpox? Variola virus Yersinia pestis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium botulinum Which antimicrobial medication acts on susceptible pathogens by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis? Penicillin Actinomycin Erythromycin Cephalosporin Which disease is caused by Escherichia coli? Tetanus Peritonitis Diphtheria Food poisoning What is a manifestation of tertiary syphilis? Chancre Alopecia Gummas Condylomata lata What is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection (STI)? Syphilis Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes simplex What causes condylomata acuminate? Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes simplex Human papillomavirus (HPV) A school nurse is asked to develop a program for teachers about infection control, especially focusing on hand washing technique. What is the most effective way for the nurse to evaluate what the teachers have learned? Observe the teachers lecture the children about hand hygiene. Give an objective written final examination to the teachers. Schedule a seminar for the teachers to share their knowledge. Watch the teachers demonstrate infection control techniques. Which skin infection is caused by bacteria? Folliculitis Candidiasis Herpes zoster Dermatophytosis Which medication is beneficial for a client with pertussis? Antibiotics Antihistamines Corticosteroids Bronchodilators Which organism causes malaria? Vibrio Sporozoa Ringworm Spirochetes For which illness should airborne precautions be implemented? Influenza Chickenpox Pneumonia Respiratory syncytial virus Which term describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi-private room? Isolating Cohorting Colonizing Cross-referencing Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis? Cervicitis Gonorrhea Genital warts Genital herpes Which process does the IgD immunoglobulin support? Manifestation of allergic reactions Protection of the body’s mucous surfaces Differentiation of the B-lymphocytes Provision of the primary immune response Which organism is responsible for causing dermatitis related to a sexually transmitted infection? Phthirus pubis Candida albicans Campylobacter jejuni Ureaplasma urealyticum What is the mechanism of action of norepinephrine in managing anaphylaxis? Norepinephrine blocks the effects of histamine Norepinephrine inhibits the degranulation of mast cells Norepinephrine increases blood pressure and cardiac output Norepinephrine rapidly stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors The nurse is reviewing blood screening tests of the immune system of a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). What does the nurse expect to find? A decrease in CD4 T cells An increase in thymic hormones An increase in immunoglobulin E A decrease in the serum level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? IgE IgA IgG IgM What criteria should the nurse consider when determining if an infection should be categorized as a health care–associated infection? Originated primarily from an exogenous source Is associated with a drug-resistant microorganism Occurred in conjunction with treatment for an illness Still has the infection despite completing the prescribed therapy Which disease is caused by Coronaviruses? Pertussis Inhalation anthrax Coccidioidomycosis Severe acute respiratory syndrome Which cytokine is used to treat multiple sclerosis? β-Interferon Interleukin-2 Erythropoietin Colony-stimulating factor Which is the first antibody formed after exposure to an antigen? IgA IgE IgG IgM Which cytokine increases growth and maturation of myeloid stem cells? Interleukin-2 Thrombopoietin Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor A client’s laboratory report reveals a CD4+ T-cell count of 520 cells/mm 3 . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is present in the client? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Which cytokine stimulates the liver to produce fibrinogen and protein C? Interleukin-1 Interleukin-6 Thrombopoietin Tumor necrosis factor Which is the most common opportunistic infection in a client infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? Oropharyngeal candidiasis Cryptosporidiosis Toxoplasmosis encephalitis Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia Which type of immunoglobulin is present in tears, saliva, and breast milk? IgE IgA IgG IgM A nurse is teaching a client about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What are the various ways HIV is transmitted? Select all that apply. Mosquito bites Sharing syringe needles Breastfeeding a newborn Dry kissing the infected partner Anal intercourse After several years of unprotected sex, a client is diagnosed as having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The client states, "I'm not worried because they have a cure for AIDS." What is the best response by the nurse? "Repeated phlebotomies may be able to rid you of the virus." "You may be cured of AIDS after prolonged pharmacologic therapy." "Perhaps you should have worn condoms to prevent contracting the virus." "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs that can slow down the virus." Which type of cytokine is used to treat anemia related to chronic kidney disease? α-Interferon Interleukin-2 Interleukin-11 Erythropoietin Which sexually transmitted infection (STI) is caused by Treponema pallidum? Syphilis Gonorrhea Genital warts Vulvovaginitis What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Which sexually transmitted disease is treated with antiviral drugs? Syphilis Gonorrhea Genital herpes Chlamydial infection Which stage of HIV would a client with a CD4+ T-cell count of 325 cells/mm 3 be classified? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a virus? Syphilis Gonorrhea Genital warts Chlamydial infection Which is a leukotriene modifier used to manage and prevent allergic rhinitis? Zileuton Ephedrine Scopolamine Cromolyn sodium Which virus can cause encephalitis in adults and children? Rubella virus Parvovirus Rotaviruses West Nile virus Which bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome in female clients? Treponema pallidum Streptococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae Which viral infection will cause the nurse to observe for warts? Pox virus Rhabdovirus Epstein-Barr virus Papillomavirus Which is the first medication approved to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in unaffected individuals? Truvada Abacavir Cromolyn Methdilazine Which medication should be immediately started when a client has an anaphylactic attack? Isoproterenol Diphenhydramine HCl Hydrocortisone sodium succinate Methylprednisolone sodium succinate Which drug can be administered via the intramuscular route to treat anaphylaxis? Epinephrine Methdilazine Phenylephrine Mycophenolate mofetil What causes medications used to treat AIDS to become ineffective? Taking the medications 90% of the time Missing doses of the prescribed medications Taking medications from different classifications Developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) A client diagnosed with osteomyelitis is being discharged. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching? "I will take the antibiotic at the same time every day." "I will take the antibiotic regularly until my symptoms subside." "I will take the antibiotic with food if I develop gastric distress when on the antibiotic." "I will notify my healthcare provider and stop taking the medication if I develop a rash or shortness of breath." A nurse is planning to provide discharge teaching to the family of a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching plan? "Wash used dishes in hot, soapy water." "Let dishes soak in hot water for 24 hours before washing." "You should boil the client's dishes for 30 minutes after use." "Have the client eat from paper plates so they can be discarded." The nurse is teaching a post-radiation therapy client regarding proper skin care to the radiation treatment area. Which statement made by the client indicates the nurse needs to follow up? "I will avoid wearing tight-fitting clothing." "I will avoid using adhesive bandages." "I will avoid exposing the area to cold temperatures." "I will avoid rinsing the area with the saline solution." A mother with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) states that she has been caring for her baby even though she has not been feeling well. What important information should the nurse determine? If she has kissed the baby If the baby is breast-feeding When the baby last received antibiotics How long she has been caring for the baby client with localized redness and swelling due to a bee sting reports intense local pain, a burning sensation, and itching. What would be the most appropriate nursing action? Applying cold compresses to the affected area Ensuring the client keeps the skin clean and dry Monitoring for neurological and cardiac symptoms Advising the client to launder all clothes with bleach Which client organ is protected by microglial cells? Lung Liver Brain Kidney What is the function of a client’s natural killer cells? Secrete immunoglobulins in response to the presence of a specific antigen Heighten selectively and destroy non-self cells, including virally infected cells Enhance immune activity through secretion of various factors, cytokines, and lymphokines Attack non-selectively on non-self cells, especially mutated and malignant cells Which leukocyte releases vasoactive amines during a client’s allergic reactions? Neutrophil Monocyte Eosinophil Macrophage The bacteria Clostridium botulinum causes which condition in a client? Upper respiratory tract infection Toxic shock syndrome Urinary tract infection Food poisoning with progressive muscle paralysis Which client has the highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? A client who is involved in mutual masturbation A client who undergoes voluntary prenatal HIV testing A client who shares equipment to snort or smoke drugs A client who engages in insertive sex with a non-infective partner A nurse is caring for a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). What precautions should the nurse take when caring for this client? Use standard precautions. Employ airborne precautions. Plan interventions to limit direct contact. Discourage long visits from family members. Which type of immunity will clients acquire through immunizations with live or killed vaccines? Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity Which drug treats hay fever by preventing leukotriene synthesis? Zileuton Cromolyn sodium Chlorpheniramine Diphenhydramine Which complication will the nurse suspect in a client with genital herpes disease? Infertility Cold sores Reactive arthritis Bartholin’s abscess Which diseases may occur due to rickettsial infections? Select all that apply. Leprosy Lyme disease Epidemic typhus West Nile fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever What is a common characteristic of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)? Dry eyes Muscle cramping Urinary tract infection Elevated blood pressure What is the most effective strategy for preventing the transmission of infection? Wearing gloves and a gown Applying face mask and a gown Applying a face mask and gloves Wearing gloves and hand hygiene A client expresses concern that because of supply and demand there is no vaccine available for the annual flu vaccine. What is the nurse's best reply? "It's unfortunate, but there was such a limited supply available." "There are many others who also were unable to get a flu vaccine." "It doesn't matter because the vaccine is for just one particular strain." "There are other things you can do to prevent the flu, such as hand washing." Which conditions may result from immunoglobulin IgE antibodies on mast cells reacting with antigens? Select all that apply. Asthma Hay fever Sarcoidosis Myasthenia gravis Rheumatoid arthritis What finding in the client is a sign of allergic rhinitis? Presence of high-grade fever Reduced breathing through the mouth Presence of pinkish nasal discharge Reduced transillumination on the skin over the sinuses A nurse identifies 12 mm of induration at the site of a tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) test when a client returns to the health office to have it read. What does the nurse explain to the client about this test? Test result is negative and no follow-up is needed Result indicates a need for further tests and a chest x-ray Test was used for screening and a Tine test now will be given Skin test is inconclusive and will have to be repeated in 6 weeks A client has a tuberculin purified protein derivative test as part of a yearly physical examination. The area of induration is 10 mm within 48 hours after having the test. What does the nurse conclude about the client based on this response? The client has contracted clinical tuberculosis. The client has passive immunity to tuberculosis. The client has been exposed to the tubercle bacillus. The client has developed a resistance to the tubercle bacillus. Which type of continuing care should a client expect if discharged home with an infusion device to continue treatment for a leg wound? Home care Rehabilitation Skilled nursing care Outpatient therapy Which diseased condition associated with the client’s heart is an example of an autoimmune disease? Uveitis Rheumatic fever Myasthenia gravis Graves’ disease Why would a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) be prescribed diphenoxylate hydrochloride? To manage pain To manage diarrhea To manage candidal esophagitis To manage behavioral problems Which parameter should the nurse consider while assessing the psychologic status of a client with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Sleep pattern Severity of pain Cognitive changes Presence of anxiety What is the function of IgG in the body? Activates the degranulation of mast cells Activates the classic complement pathway Prevents upper respiratory tract infections Prevents lower respiratory tract infections Which malnutrition condition may predispose a client to secondary immunodeficiency? Cachexia Cirrhosis Diabetes mellitus Hodgkin’s lymphoma Which diseases can be transmitted by air? Select all that apply. Scabies Measles Pediculosis Chicken pox Tuberculosis The nurse is counseling a client infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) regarding prevention of HIV transmission. Which statement by the client indicates the nurse needs to follow up? "I should abstain from sexual activity." "I can safely have anal sex without any barriers." "I should get HIV counseling if planning for pregnancy." "I will use condoms while having sexual intercourse." Which dietary modifications can help improve the nutritional status of a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Refraining from consuming fatty foods Refraining from consuming frequent meals Refraining from consuming high-calorie foods Refraining from consuming high-protein foods A nurse is teaching a health class about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which basic methods are used to reduce the incidence of HIV transmission? Select all that apply. Using condoms Using separate toilets Practicing sexual abstinence Preventing direct casual contacts Sterilizing the household utensils The nurse suspects that a client with inhalation anthrax is in the fulminant stage of the disease. Which symptom supports the nurse’s conclusion? Fever Dry cough Hematemesis Mild chest pain Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with rheumatoid arthritis? Delayed Cytotoxic IgE-mediated Immune-complex Which virus is responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis in clients? Parvovirus Coronavirus Rotavirus Epstein-Barr virus What determines if a client will develop AIDS from an HIV infection? Level of IgM in the blood The number of CD4+ T-cells available Presence of antigen-antibody complexes Speed with which the virus invades the RNA Which bacteria colonies are commonly found in a client’s large intestine? Escherichia coli Neisseria gonorrhoeae Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae A nurse discusses the potential for cross-contamination with the nursing assistants on a surgical unit. What does the nurse explain that standard precautions are designed to do? Decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens Be used when clients are suspected of having a communicable disease Ensure that hygiene practices by clients are performed in a universal way Create categories in which certain additional precautions must be followed Which autoimmune disease is directly related to the client’s central nervous system? Rheumatic fever Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Goodpasture syndrome Which immunomodulatory is beneficial for the treatment of clients with multiple sclerosis? Interleukin 2 Interleukin 11 Beta interferon Alpha interferon Which organ-specific autoimmune disorder is associated with a client’s kidney? Graves’ disease Addison’s disease Goodpasture syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome A chronically ill, older client tells the home care nurse that the daughter with whom the client lives seems run-down and disinterested in her own health, as well as the health of her children, who are 5, 7, and 12 years old. The client tells the nurse that the daughter coughs a good deal and sleeps a lot. Why is it important that the nurse pursue the daughter's condition for potential case findings? Tuberculosis has been rising dramatically in the general population. Older adults with chronic illness are more susceptible to tuberculosis. There is a high incidence of tuberculosis in children less than 12 years of age. Death from tuberculosis has been generally on the decrease in the United States (Canada). A client scheduled for surgery has a history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) since developing an infection in a surgical site 9 months ago. The site is healed, and the client reports having received antibiotics for the infection. What should the nurse do to determine if the infecting organism is still present? Notify the infection control officer. Inform the operating room of the MRSA. Obtain an order to culture the client's blood. Call the surgeon for an infectious disease consultation. The nurse suspects that a client is in the chronic persistent stage of Lyme disease. Which symptoms support the nurse’s suspicion? Select all that apply. Arthritis Dyspnea Dizziness Chronic fatigue Erythema migrans Which complication is associated with Pott’s disease? Peritonitis Bacterial meningitis Generalized lymphadenopathy Destruction of intervertebral discs Which medications are useful to treat psoriasis? Select all that apply. Psoralen Anthralin Isotretinoin Clindamycin Calcipotriene Which client is most likely to develop IgE antibodies? A client with pollen allergy A client undergoing a poison ivy reaction A client with bacterial infection A client undergoing a blood transfusion A client with an upper respiratory infection asks the nurse why the health care provider did not prescribe an antibiotic. What would be the best response from the nurse? "I don't know. I will ask the health care provider for a prescription." "Antibiotics are used to treat viruses and you have a bacterial infection." "Antibiotics are ineffective for treating the bacteria that cause upper respiratory infections." "Upper respiratory infections generally are caused by viruses and therefore should not be treated with antibiotics." Which laboratory test will be elevated in a client with inflammatory arthritis? Leukocyte count Hemoglobin and hematocrit Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) A client who abused intravenous drugs was diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) several years ago. What does the nurse explain to the client regarding the diagnostic criterion for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Contracts HIV-specific antibodies Develops an acute retroviral syndrome Is capable of transmitting the virus to others Has a CD4+T-cell lymphocyte level of less than 200 cells/µL (60% Which organism is responsible for causing Lyme disease in clients? Phthirus pubis Sarcoptes scabiei Borrelia burgdorferi Pediculushumanus var. corporis Which are examples of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction? Select all that apply. Poison ivy allergic reaction Sarcoidosis Myasthenia gravis Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus What is the role of shark cartilage in the management of human immunodeficiency (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Shark cartilage enhances immunity Shark cartilage reduces oral thrush Shark cartilage is a complementary therapy Shark cartilage is a nutritional supplement A client who underwent chemotherapy has leukopenia. Which instruction from the nurse will be beneficial for the client? "You should avoid exposure to the sun." "You should eat high-fiber foods and increase fluid intake." "You should avoid large crowds and people with infections." "You should consume iron supplements and erythropoietin." What does the nurse explain to a client that a positive diagnosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is based on? Performance of high-risk sexual behaviors Evidence of extreme weight loss and high fever Identification of an associated opportunistic infection Positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests What are the mediators of injury in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions? Select all that apply. Cytokines Mast cells Histamines Neutrophils Leukotrienes Which type of hypersensitivity reaction will occur when the client’s T cytotoxic cells are involved as the mediators of injury? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Which intervention is most likely to decrease mortality in the septic client? Oxygen Antibiotics Vasopressors Intravenous fluids What is the mechanism of action of penicillin? Prevents reproduction of the pathogen Inhibits cell wall synthesis of the pathogen Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis of the pathogen Injures the cytoplasmic membrane of the pathogen A client with erythematous papules in the interdigital spaces reports severe itching at night. Which insect is responsible for this condition? Phthirus pubis Sarcoptes scabiei Pediculus humanus Borrelia burgdorferi The echoviruses can cause which diseases in clients? Select all that apply. Parotitis Gastroenteritis Mononucleosis Aseptic meningitis Burkitt’s lymphoma A nurse is caring for a client who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Which complication associated with this diagnosis is most important for the nurse to teach prevention strategies? Infection Depression Social isolation Kaposi sarcoma Which cytokine medication is administered to treat chemotherapy-induced neutropenia? Filgrastim Oprelvekin Aldesleukin Darbepoetin alfa A client reports disturbed sleep due to itching caused by an allergy. Which medication would be prescribed to help the client sleep well and treat the allergic symptoms? Cetirizine Fexofenadine Desloratadine Chlorpheniramine A client is concerned about contracting malaria while visiting relatives in Southeast Asia. What should the nurse teach the client to avoid to prevent malaria? Mosquito bites Untreated water Undercooked food Overpopulated areas Which medications are administered to inhibit purine synthesis and suppress cell-mediated and humoral immune responses? Select all that apply. Sirolimus Azathioprine Cyclophosphamide Methylprednisolone Mycophenolate mofetil A nurse is counseling a client who has gonorrhea. What additional fact about gonorrhea, besides the fact that it is highly infectious, should the nurse teach this client? It is easily cured. It occurs very rarely. It can produce sterility. It is limited to the external genitalia. Which organs are affected by Candida albicans? Select all that apply. Ears Lungs Vagina Mouth Intestines Which conditions result in humoral immunity? Select all that apply. Tuberculosis Atopic diseases Bacterial infection Anaphylactic shock Contact dermatitis A child is diagnosed with hepatitis A. The client's parent expresses concern that the other members of the family may get hepatitis because they all share the same bathroom. What is the nurse's best reply? "I suggest that you buy a commode exclusively for your child's use." "Your child may use the bathroom, but you need to use disposable toilet covers." "You will need to clean the bathroom from top to bottom every time a family member uses it." "All family members, including your child, need to wash their hands after using the bathroom." A client with multiple myeloma who is receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 102.2° F (39° C). The temperature was 99.2° F (37.3° C) when it was taken 6 hours ago. What is a priority nursing intervention in this case? Assess the amount and color of urine; obtain a specimen for a urinalysis. Administer the prescribed antipyretic and notify the primary health care provider. Note the consistency of respiratory secretions and obtain a specimen for culture. Obtain the respirations, pulse, and blood pressure; recheck the temperature in 1 hour. The nurse is educating a client about protease inhibitors. What statement about protease inhibitors is true? Protease inhibitors prevent viral replication. Protease inhibitors prevent the interaction between viral material and the CD4+ Tcell. Protease inhibitors prevent viral and host genetic material integration. Protease inhibitors prevent the clipping of the viral strands into small functional pieces. What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? Select all that apply. Diarrhea Anorexia Weight gain Hemoptysis Night sweats Which leukocytes should the nurse include when teaching about antibody-mediated immunity? Select all that apply. Monocyte Memory cell Helper T cell B-lymphocyte Cytotoxic T cell What are the clinical manifestations during the fulminant stage in a client with inhalation anthrax? Select all that apply. Septic shock Harsh cough Mild chest pain Pleural effusion Body temperature of 104 °F What are the clinical manifestations of inhalation anthrax? Select all that apply. Fever Fatigue Rhinitis Dry cough Sore throat What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? Select all that apply. Fatigue Nausea Weight gain Low-grade fever Increased appetite The nurse performs a skin test on a client who has a mosquito bite. The client shows wheal and flare reaction post–skin test. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction most likely has occurred? Type 1 Type II Type III Type IV A client has received ABO-incompatible blood from a donor by mistake. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction will occur in the client? Type I Type II Type III Type IV A client newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comments to a nurse, "There are so many rotten people around. Why couldn't one of them get HIV instead of me?" What is the nurse's best response? "I can understand why you're afraid of dying." "It seems unfair that you contracted this disorder." "Do you really wish this disorder on someone else?" "Have you thought of speaking with your religious advisor?" A registered nurse is teaching a student nurse regarding the interventions for a client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Which statement by the student nurse indicates the nurse needs to follow up? "I will ask the client to avoid exposure to new infectious agents." "I will ask the client about intake of vitamins and micronutrients." "I will ask the client to avoid involvement in community activities." "I will ask the client if he or she is up to date with recommended vaccines." A nurse in a public health clinic is teaching clients how to prevent toxoplasmosis. What should the nurse instruct the clients to avoid? Contact with cat feces Exposure to heavy metals Ingestion of freshwater fish Excessive radiation exposure A registered nurse is evaluating a new nurse who is preparing to administer intravenous fluids to a client. Which action made by the new nurse indicates the registered nurse needs to intervene? Washing hands with antibacterial soap Using chlorhexidine at the site of insertion Shaving the client’s skin at the insertion site Applying skin protectant solutions at the site of insertion A nurse is educating a client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about self-management. Which suggestion by the nurse benefits the client? "Limit your daily fluid intake." "Eat more roughage." "Rinse your mouth with normal saline after every meal." "Maintain a 4-to-5-hour gap in between meals." The nurse is teaching a client regarding the usage of antibiotics. Which statement made by the client indicates effective teaching? "I should not take antibiotics to treat the flu." "I should take an antibiotic to prevent illness." "I should stop an antibiotic regimen when I am feeling better." "I should borrow an antibiotic from a family member or friend in an emergency." What is important nursing care for pediatric clients with leukemia on chemotherapeutic protocols? Preventing physical activity Checking their vital signs every 2 hours Having them avoid contact with infected persons