Chapter 09: Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Advancing Science and Technology
Keatings: Ethical & Legal Issues in Canadian Nursing, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following technologies will have the strongest influence on future generations?
a.
Gene editing
b.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
c.
In utero surgery
d.
Genetic testing
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct! Gene editing targets egg and sperm cells (germ cells), which would
allow the change to be passed on to future generations. It involves making
changes to the body’s basic foundation, that which drives all components of that
person.
B Incorrect—IVF involves fertilization and conception in a laboratory setting;
manipulation of genes is not involved.
C Incorrect—This will benefit the future of the individual.
D Incorrect—Genetic testing identifies specific disorders; it does not make specific
alterations to the gene itself.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
2. Which of the following is a major advantageofgenetic testing?
a.
The gene associated with diseases such as Huntington’s chorea can be identified,
and thus, the disease can be prevented.
b.
Genetic testing is the key to precision medicine.
c.
The results are shared with all family members.
d.
Genetic testing helps identify a person’s ancestry.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect—There is no cure for diseases such as Huntington’s chorea, raising
questions as to whether one would want to know this in advance.
B Correct! Precision medicine targets therapies tailored to an individual's
unique genome.
C Incorrect—Other families may not want to know the information identified from
genetic testing, nor might the individual want this information shared, raising
other ethical issues.
D Incorrect—Genetic testing focuses on a particular gene, not the person’s
genome.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
, 3. Which of the following ethical considerations are most relevant to whole genome
sequencing?
a.
Coercion and beneficence
b.
Informed consent and confidentiality
c.
Beneficence and confidentiality
d.
Nonmaleficence and truth telling
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect—There are many benefits, but there is also the potential for harm to
the person tested or to others. Coercion is addressed through rigorous approaches
to informed consent.
B Correct! This technology raises major ethical issues related to informed
consent—specifically, ensuring that the person understands all of the potential
benefits and harms. There are major implications for others because genetic
relationships with other individuals may be revealed. Also, the findings would
have implications for other family members.
C Incorrect— There are many benefits, but there is also the potential for harm to
the person tested or to others.
D Incorrect—There are many benefits, but there is the potential for harm to the
person tested or to others. Truth telling is involved in informed consent and
confidentiality.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
4. Which of the following factors mustbe considered in ethical decisions regarding interventions
in preterm neonates?
a.
The risks associated with the proposed intervention
b.
The stress on the parents of the infant
c.
The comfort level of the infant
d.
All are correct
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect—All of the above must be considered. Preterm infants have many
complications, requiring a multitude of often aggressive interventions. The risks
and benefits to the infant, the infant’s comfort level, and the stress on the parents
must all be considered. The health care team should engage in a collaborative
process with the parents and consider alternative approaches to ethical
challenges that build on relationships of trust and care, rather than only focusing
on the parents’ autonomy.
B Incorrect—All of the above must be considered. Preterm infants have many
complications, requiring a multitude of often aggressive interventions. The risks
and benefits to the infant, the infant’s comfort level, and the stress on the parents
must all be considered. The health care team should engage in a collaborative
process with the parents and consider alternative approaches to ethical
challenges that build on relationships of trust and care, rather than only focusing
on the parents’ autonomy.
Keatings: Ethical & Legal Issues in Canadian Nursing, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following technologies will have the strongest influence on future generations?
a.
Gene editing
b.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
c.
In utero surgery
d.
Genetic testing
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct! Gene editing targets egg and sperm cells (germ cells), which would
allow the change to be passed on to future generations. It involves making
changes to the body’s basic foundation, that which drives all components of that
person.
B Incorrect—IVF involves fertilization and conception in a laboratory setting;
manipulation of genes is not involved.
C Incorrect—This will benefit the future of the individual.
D Incorrect—Genetic testing identifies specific disorders; it does not make specific
alterations to the gene itself.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
2. Which of the following is a major advantageofgenetic testing?
a.
The gene associated with diseases such as Huntington’s chorea can be identified,
and thus, the disease can be prevented.
b.
Genetic testing is the key to precision medicine.
c.
The results are shared with all family members.
d.
Genetic testing helps identify a person’s ancestry.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect—There is no cure for diseases such as Huntington’s chorea, raising
questions as to whether one would want to know this in advance.
B Correct! Precision medicine targets therapies tailored to an individual's
unique genome.
C Incorrect—Other families may not want to know the information identified from
genetic testing, nor might the individual want this information shared, raising
other ethical issues.
D Incorrect—Genetic testing focuses on a particular gene, not the person’s
genome.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
, 3. Which of the following ethical considerations are most relevant to whole genome
sequencing?
a.
Coercion and beneficence
b.
Informed consent and confidentiality
c.
Beneficence and confidentiality
d.
Nonmaleficence and truth telling
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect—There are many benefits, but there is also the potential for harm to
the person tested or to others. Coercion is addressed through rigorous approaches
to informed consent.
B Correct! This technology raises major ethical issues related to informed
consent—specifically, ensuring that the person understands all of the potential
benefits and harms. There are major implications for others because genetic
relationships with other individuals may be revealed. Also, the findings would
have implications for other family members.
C Incorrect— There are many benefits, but there is also the potential for harm to
the person tested or to others.
D Incorrect—There are many benefits, but there is the potential for harm to the
person tested or to others. Truth telling is involved in informed consent and
confidentiality.
DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
4. Which of the following factors mustbe considered in ethical decisions regarding interventions
in preterm neonates?
a.
The risks associated with the proposed intervention
b.
The stress on the parents of the infant
c.
The comfort level of the infant
d.
All are correct
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect—All of the above must be considered. Preterm infants have many
complications, requiring a multitude of often aggressive interventions. The risks
and benefits to the infant, the infant’s comfort level, and the stress on the parents
must all be considered. The health care team should engage in a collaborative
process with the parents and consider alternative approaches to ethical
challenges that build on relationships of trust and care, rather than only focusing
on the parents’ autonomy.
B Incorrect—All of the above must be considered. Preterm infants have many
complications, requiring a multitude of often aggressive interventions. The risks
and benefits to the infant, the infant’s comfort level, and the stress on the parents
must all be considered. The health care team should engage in a collaborative
process with the parents and consider alternative approaches to ethical
challenges that build on relationships of trust and care, rather than only focusing
on the parents’ autonomy.
